Structural equation modelling of users’ assessment of affordable housing in developing cities
Babatunde Femi AKINYODE
Musibau Omoakin JELILI
Olaitan Olutayo ODUNOLA
Abstract
This study investigated the users’ assessment of affordable housing in developing cities among the residents of Ibadan urban centre. Affordable housing entails users having access to quality housing at reasonable prices, obtaining it, maintaining the ability to meet other basic costs of living and to stay in it without any problem in order to promote good health, accessibility, convenience and environment that is free from crime and violence. The study developed a theoretical model that links users’ assessment to the affordable housing. Questionnaire was developed and administered to 494 residents in the five local government areas within Ibadan. The data was analysed using statistical packages SPSS and AMOS version 22. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were applied to evaluate the users’ assessment of affordable housing. The structural equation modelling as the validated measuring tools was employed to validate the theoretical model. The finding indicated that detailed examination, assessment and critical reflection of users on their affordable housing is an important step towards designing policies to improve affordable housing that is accessible to users. The authors are of the opinion that strategies through the employment of suitable housing policy are needed to address the challenge of existing affordable housing in developing cities.
Keywords:
affordable housing, confirmatory factor analysis, exploratory factor analysis, structural equation modelling, users’ assessmentReferences
Akinyode, B. F. (2016). Effects of Urbanisation on Urban Housing among Low Income Households in Nigeria. British Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 14(1), 10-22.
Akinyode, B. F., Khan, T. H., & Ahmad, A. S. B. H. (2015). Socio-Economic Factors in Measuring the Demand for Residential Neighbourhood in Nigeria. Asian Social Science, 11(12), 235-247. doi:10.5539/ass.v11n12p235
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1992). Assumptions and Comparative Strengths of the Two-Step Approach-Comment on Fornell and Yi. Sociological Methods & Research, 20(3), 321-333.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2013). Amos 22 User Guide: Amos Development Corporation.
Arimah, B. C. (1997). The Determinants of Housing Tenure Choice in Ibadan, Nigeria. Urban Studies, 34(1), 105-124. doi:10.1080/0042098976294
Arku, G., Luginaah, I., & Mkandawire, P. (2012). "You Either Pay More Advance Rent or You Move Out": Landlords/Ladies' and Tenants' Dilemmas in the Low-income Housing Market in Accra, Ghana. Urban Studies, 49(14), 3177-3193. doi:10.1177/0042098012437748
Atterhög, M., & Song, H. S. (2009). A Survey of Policies that may Increase Access to Home Ownership for Low‐Income Households. Housing, Theory and Society, 26(4), 248-270. doi:10.1080/14036090802614479
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. doi:0744)940092-0703/88 / 1601-0074
Bian, H. (2011). Structural Equation Modelling with AMOS II.
Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Bakbak, D., Kaplan, H., & Isik, B. (2009). Sound insulation of fibre reinforced mud brick walls. Construction and Building Materials, 23(2), 1035-1041. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.008
Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Bodur, M. N., Akca, E., & Kapur, S. (2007). Thermal isolation and mechanical properties of fibre reinforced mud bricks as wall materials. Construction and Building Materials, 21(4), 901-906. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.11.004
Bogdon, A. S., & Can, A. (1997). Indicators of local housing affordability: Comparative and spatial approaches. Real Estate Economics, 25(1), 43-80.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with latent Variables. New York: Willey.: New York: Willey.
Bramley, G. (2011). Affordability, poverty and housing need: triangulating measures and standards. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 27(2), 133-151. doi:10.1007/s10901-011-9255-4
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Chau, P. Y. K., & Hu, P. J.-H. (2001). Information Technology Acceptance by Individual Professionals: A Model Comparison Approach. Decision Sciences, 32(4), 699-719.
Chen, M.-C., Tsai, I.-C., & Chang, C.-O. (2007). House prices and household income: Do they move apart? Evidence from Taiwan. Habitat International, 31, 243–256. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.02.005
Choi, J. N. (2004). Individual and Contextual Predictors of Creative Performance: The Mediating Role of Psychological Processes. Creativity Research Journal, 16(2 & 3), 187-199.
Clark, W., Deurloo, M., & Dieleman, F. (2006). Residential mobility and neighbourhood outcomes. Housing Studies, 21(3), 323-342.
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences: Academic press.
Crane, M., & Warnes, A. M. (2000). Evictions and prolonged homelessness. Housing Studies, 15(5), 757-773.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and conducting Mixed Methods Research (2nd Edition ed.). California, USA: SAGE Publication.
Davenport, J. L. (2003). The Effect of Supply and Demand Factors on the Affordability of Rental Housing. Available at: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/10. Accessed 8 June 2013.
Dawkins, C. J., & Nelson, A. C. (2002). Urban containment policies and housing prices: an international comparison with implications for future research. Land Use Policy, 19, 1–12.
Ellen, I. G., Horn, K. M., & O’Regan, K. M. (2013). Why Do Higher-income Households Choose Low-income Neighbourhoods? Pioneering or Thrift? Urban Studies, 50(12), 2478-2495. doi:10.1177/0042098012474511
Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (Third ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Fisher, L. M., Pollakowski, H. O., & Zabel, J. (2009). Amenity‐Based Housing Affordability Indexes. Real Estate Economics, 37(4), 705-746.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (4th ed.): Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Gough, K. V., & Yankson, P. (2011). A Neglected Aspect of the Housing Market: The Caretakers of Peri-urban Accra, Ghana. Urban Studies, 48(4), 793-810. doi:10.1177/0042098010367861
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: Overview of Multivariate Methods (Seventh Edition ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education International.
Hoyle, R. H. (2012). Handbook of Structural Equation Modelling. New York, London: The Guilford Press: A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.
Huang, H.-C. (2011). Factors Influencing Intention to Move into Senior Housing. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 31(4), 488-509. doi:10.1177/0733464810392225
Hulchanski, J. D. (2003). What Factors Shape Canadian Housing Policy? The Intergovernmental Role in Canada’s Housing System. Paper presented at the Municipal-Federal-Provincial Relations, Canada Queen’s University, Kingston.
Jack, E. F. (2008). Response Rates and Responsiveness for Surveys, Standards, and the Journal. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(2-Article 43), 1-3.
Joe, A. I. (1991). Fundamental Statistics for Education and the Behavioural Sciences. Ibadan: Crafts Books Limited.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8 user's reference guide: Scientific Software International.
Kauko, T. (2007). An analysis of housing location attributes in the inner city of Budapest, Hungary, using expert judgements. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 11(4), 209-225.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (D. A. Kenny & T. D. Little Eds. Third ed.). New York, London: The Guilford Press: A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.
Kline, R. B. (2013). Assessing statistical aspects of test fairness with structural equation modelling. Educational Research and Evaluation: An International Journal on Theory and Practice, 19(2-3), 204-222. doi:10.1080/13803611.2013.767624
Kutty, N. K. (2005). A new measure of housing affordability: Estimates and analytical results. Housing Policy Debate, 16(1), 113-142.
Lau, K. M., & Li, S.-M. (2006). Commercial housing affordability in Beijing, 1992–2002. Habitat International, 30(3), 614-627.
Lee, N. J., & Ong, S. E. (2005). Upward mobility, house price volatility, and housing equity. Journal of Housing Economics, 14(2), 127-146. doi:10.1016/j.jhe.2005.06.004
Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path, and Structural Equation Analysis (Fourth Edition ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers Mahwah, New Jersey.
Manafi, M., & Subramaniam, I. D. (2015). The Role of the Perceived Justice in the Relationship between Human Resource Management Practices and Knowledge Sharing: A Study of Malaysian Universities Lecturers. Asian Social Science, 11(12). doi:10.5539/ass.v11n12p131
McQuinn, K., & O'Reilly, G. (2008). Assessing the role of income and interest rates in determining house prices. Economic Modelling, 25, 377–390. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2007.06.010
Meen, G. (2002). The Time-Series Behavior of House Prices: A Transatlantic Divide? Journal of Housing Economics, 11(1), 1-23. doi:10.1006/jhec.2001.0307
Moore, E., & Skaburskis, A. (2004). Canada's increasing housing affordability burdens. Housing Studies, 19(3), 395-413.
Mukiibi, S. (2012). The Effect of Urbanisation on the Housing Conditions of the Urban Poor in Kampala, Uganda. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology, Noida, India. Available at: http://mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Mukiibi. Accessed 17 May 2014.
Mulliner, E., Smallbone, K., & Maliene, V. (2013). An assessment of sustainable housing affordability using a multiple criteria decision making method. Omega, 41(2), 270-279. doi:10.1016/j.omega.2012.05.002
Newton, P., & Meyer, D. (2010). The Determinants of Urban Resource Consumption. Environment and Behavior, 44(1), 107-135. doi:10.1177/0013916510390494
NPC. (2010). National Population Commission Official Report of 2006 Population Census Figures. Retrieved from Abuja, Nigeria:
Olatubara, C. O. (2007). Fundamentals of Housing. In (eds.), , pp. In T. Agbola, L. Egunjobi, & C. O. Olatubara (Eds.), Housing Development and Management: A Book of Readings (pp. 70-106). Nigeria.: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Science, University of Ibadan.
Olayiwola, L. M., Adeleye, O., & Ogunshakin, L. (2005). Public Housing Delivery In Nigeria: Problems And Challenges. Paper presented at the World congress on Housing Transforming Housing Environments through the Design, Pretoria South Africa.
Onibokun, P. (1985). Housing in Nigeria: A book of Readings. Ibadan, Nigeria: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER).
Otubu, T. (2009). Housing Needs and Land Administration in Nigeria (Unpublished paper). Unpublished paper. Private and Property Law, Faculty of Law. University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos. Lagos, Nigeria.
Parkes, A., Kearns, A., & Atkinson, R. (2002). What makes people dissatisfied with their neighbourhoods? Urban Studies, 39(13), 2413-2438.
Robinson, M., Scobie, G. M., & Hallinan, B. (2006). Affordability of housing: concepts, measurement and evidence (06/04). Retrieved from New Zealand:
Sarros, J. C., Gray, J., Densten, I. L., & Cooper, B. (2005). The organizational culture profile revisited and revised: An Australian perspective. Australian Journal of Management, 30(1), 159-182.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (D. Riegert Ed. Second Edition ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (3rd Edition ed.). New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Shanmugapriya, S., & Subramanian, K. (2013). Investigation of Significant Factors Influencing Time and Cost Overruns in Indian Construction Projects. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(10), 734-740.
Sinai, T., & Souleles, N. S. (2003). Owner-occupied housing as a hedge against rent risk. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9462. Accessed 15 August 2013.
Snively, S. (2009). What is housing – (consumption good, investment good, asset class, industry, infrastructure), and, what role does it play as an automatic stabilizer. Paper presented at the Workshop on After the Boom – Where to From Here, Reserve Bank of New Zealand.
Stone, M. E. (1993). Shelter Poverty: New ideas on Housing Affordability. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Stone, M. E. (2006). A housing affordability standard for the UK. Housing Studies, 21(4), 453-476.
Tan, T.-H. (2012). Meeting first-time buyers’ housing needs and preferences in greater Kuala Lumpur. Cities, 29(6), 389-396. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2011.11.016
Tanguma, J. (2001). Effects of sample size on the distribution of selected fit indices: A graphical approach. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(5), 759-776.
Tu, Y., & Goldfinch, J. (1996). A two-stage housing choice forecasting model. Urban Studies, 33(3), 517-537.
UN-Habitat. (2011). United Nations Human Settlements Programme: Africa Affordable Land and Housing for a better urban future 2012. Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org. Accessed 28 May 2013.
Wang, D., & Li, S.-m. (2006). Socio-economic differentials and stated housing preferences in Guangzhou, China. Habitat International, 30(2), 305-326. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.02.009
Wheaton, W. C. (1990). Vacancy, Search, and Prices in a Housing Market Matching Model. Journal of political Economy, 98(6), 1270-1292.
Wong, P. S. P., & Cheung, S. O. (2005). Structural Equation Model of Trust and Partnering Success. Journal of Management in Engineering, 21, 70-80. doi:10.1061//asce/0742-597x/2005/21:2/70
Yang, Y. (2008). A Tale of Two Cities: Physical Form and Neighborhood Satisfaction in Metropolitan Portland and Charlotte. Journal of the American Planning Association, 74(3), 307-323. doi:10.1080/01944360802215546
Yates, J. (2008). Australia's housing affordability crisis. Australian Economic Review, 41(2), 200-214.
Yusuf, A. A., & Resosudarmo, B. P. (2009). Does clean air matter in developing countries' megacities? A hedonic price analysis of the Jakarta housing market, Indonesia. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1398-1407.
Zabel, J. E., & Kiel, K. A. (2000). Estimating the demand for air quality in four US cities. Land Economics, 174-194.
Akinyode, B. F., Khan, T. H., & Ahmad, A. S. B. H. (2015). Socio-Economic Factors in Measuring the Demand for Residential Neighbourhood in Nigeria. Asian Social Science, 11(12), 235-247. doi:10.5539/ass.v11n12p235
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1992). Assumptions and Comparative Strengths of the Two-Step Approach-Comment on Fornell and Yi. Sociological Methods & Research, 20(3), 321-333.
Arbuckle, J. L. (2013). Amos 22 User Guide: Amos Development Corporation.
Arimah, B. C. (1997). The Determinants of Housing Tenure Choice in Ibadan, Nigeria. Urban Studies, 34(1), 105-124. doi:10.1080/0042098976294
Arku, G., Luginaah, I., & Mkandawire, P. (2012). "You Either Pay More Advance Rent or You Move Out": Landlords/Ladies' and Tenants' Dilemmas in the Low-income Housing Market in Accra, Ghana. Urban Studies, 49(14), 3177-3193. doi:10.1177/0042098012437748
Atterhög, M., & Song, H. S. (2009). A Survey of Policies that may Increase Access to Home Ownership for Low‐Income Households. Housing, Theory and Society, 26(4), 248-270. doi:10.1080/14036090802614479
Bagozzi, R. P., & Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74-94. doi:0744)940092-0703/88 / 1601-0074
Bian, H. (2011). Structural Equation Modelling with AMOS II.
Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Bakbak, D., Kaplan, H., & Isik, B. (2009). Sound insulation of fibre reinforced mud brick walls. Construction and Building Materials, 23(2), 1035-1041. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.05.008
Binici, H., Aksogan, O., Bodur, M. N., Akca, E., & Kapur, S. (2007). Thermal isolation and mechanical properties of fibre reinforced mud bricks as wall materials. Construction and Building Materials, 21(4), 901-906. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.11.004
Bogdon, A. S., & Can, A. (1997). Indicators of local housing affordability: Comparative and spatial approaches. Real Estate Economics, 25(1), 43-80.
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural Equations with latent Variables. New York: Willey.: New York: Willey.
Bramley, G. (2011). Affordability, poverty and housing need: triangulating measures and standards. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 27(2), 133-151. doi:10.1007/s10901-011-9255-4
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative Ways of Assessing Model Fit. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Chau, P. Y. K., & Hu, P. J.-H. (2001). Information Technology Acceptance by Individual Professionals: A Model Comparison Approach. Decision Sciences, 32(4), 699-719.
Chen, M.-C., Tsai, I.-C., & Chang, C.-O. (2007). House prices and household income: Do they move apart? Evidence from Taiwan. Habitat International, 31, 243–256. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2007.02.005
Choi, J. N. (2004). Individual and Contextual Predictors of Creative Performance: The Mediating Role of Psychological Processes. Creativity Research Journal, 16(2 & 3), 187-199.
Clark, W., Deurloo, M., & Dieleman, F. (2006). Residential mobility and neighbourhood outcomes. Housing Studies, 21(3), 323-342.
Cohen, J. (2013). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences: Academic press.
Crane, M., & Warnes, A. M. (2000). Evictions and prolonged homelessness. Housing Studies, 15(5), 757-773.
Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2011). Designing and conducting Mixed Methods Research (2nd Edition ed.). California, USA: SAGE Publication.
Davenport, J. L. (2003). The Effect of Supply and Demand Factors on the Affordability of Rental Housing. Available at: http://digitalcommons.iwu.edu/econ_honproj/10. Accessed 8 June 2013.
Dawkins, C. J., & Nelson, A. C. (2002). Urban containment policies and housing prices: an international comparison with implications for future research. Land Use Policy, 19, 1–12.
Ellen, I. G., Horn, K. M., & O’Regan, K. M. (2013). Why Do Higher-income Households Choose Low-income Neighbourhoods? Pioneering or Thrift? Urban Studies, 50(12), 2478-2495. doi:10.1177/0042098012474511
Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (Third ed.). London: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Fisher, L. M., Pollakowski, H. O., & Zabel, J. (2009). Amenity‐Based Housing Affordability Indexes. Real Estate Economics, 37(4), 705-746.
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2003). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference (4th ed.): Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Gough, K. V., & Yankson, P. (2011). A Neglected Aspect of the Housing Market: The Caretakers of Peri-urban Accra, Ghana. Urban Studies, 48(4), 793-810. doi:10.1177/0042098010367861
Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis: Overview of Multivariate Methods (Seventh Edition ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education International.
Hoyle, R. H. (2012). Handbook of Structural Equation Modelling. New York, London: The Guilford Press: A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.
Huang, H.-C. (2011). Factors Influencing Intention to Move into Senior Housing. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 31(4), 488-509. doi:10.1177/0733464810392225
Hulchanski, J. D. (2003). What Factors Shape Canadian Housing Policy? The Intergovernmental Role in Canada’s Housing System. Paper presented at the Municipal-Federal-Provincial Relations, Canada Queen’s University, Kingston.
Jack, E. F. (2008). Response Rates and Responsiveness for Surveys, Standards, and the Journal. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 72(2-Article 43), 1-3.
Joe, A. I. (1991). Fundamental Statistics for Education and the Behavioural Sciences. Ibadan: Crafts Books Limited.
Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1996). LISREL 8 user's reference guide: Scientific Software International.
Kauko, T. (2007). An analysis of housing location attributes in the inner city of Budapest, Hungary, using expert judgements. International Journal of Strategic Property Management, 11(4), 209-225.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling (D. A. Kenny & T. D. Little Eds. Third ed.). New York, London: The Guilford Press: A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc.
Kline, R. B. (2013). Assessing statistical aspects of test fairness with structural equation modelling. Educational Research and Evaluation: An International Journal on Theory and Practice, 19(2-3), 204-222. doi:10.1080/13803611.2013.767624
Kutty, N. K. (2005). A new measure of housing affordability: Estimates and analytical results. Housing Policy Debate, 16(1), 113-142.
Lau, K. M., & Li, S.-M. (2006). Commercial housing affordability in Beijing, 1992–2002. Habitat International, 30(3), 614-627.
Lee, N. J., & Ong, S. E. (2005). Upward mobility, house price volatility, and housing equity. Journal of Housing Economics, 14(2), 127-146. doi:10.1016/j.jhe.2005.06.004
Loehlin, J. C. (2004). Latent Variable Models: An Introduction to Factor, Path, and Structural Equation Analysis (Fourth Edition ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers Mahwah, New Jersey.
Manafi, M., & Subramaniam, I. D. (2015). The Role of the Perceived Justice in the Relationship between Human Resource Management Practices and Knowledge Sharing: A Study of Malaysian Universities Lecturers. Asian Social Science, 11(12). doi:10.5539/ass.v11n12p131
McQuinn, K., & O'Reilly, G. (2008). Assessing the role of income and interest rates in determining house prices. Economic Modelling, 25, 377–390. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2007.06.010
Meen, G. (2002). The Time-Series Behavior of House Prices: A Transatlantic Divide? Journal of Housing Economics, 11(1), 1-23. doi:10.1006/jhec.2001.0307
Moore, E., & Skaburskis, A. (2004). Canada's increasing housing affordability burdens. Housing Studies, 19(3), 395-413.
Mukiibi, S. (2012). The Effect of Urbanisation on the Housing Conditions of the Urban Poor in Kampala, Uganda. Paper presented at the Second International Conference on Advances in Engineering and Technology, Noida, India. Available at: http://mak.ac.ug/documents/Makfiles/aet2011/Mukiibi. Accessed 17 May 2014.
Mulliner, E., Smallbone, K., & Maliene, V. (2013). An assessment of sustainable housing affordability using a multiple criteria decision making method. Omega, 41(2), 270-279. doi:10.1016/j.omega.2012.05.002
Newton, P., & Meyer, D. (2010). The Determinants of Urban Resource Consumption. Environment and Behavior, 44(1), 107-135. doi:10.1177/0013916510390494
NPC. (2010). National Population Commission Official Report of 2006 Population Census Figures. Retrieved from Abuja, Nigeria:
Olatubara, C. O. (2007). Fundamentals of Housing. In (eds.), , pp. In T. Agbola, L. Egunjobi, & C. O. Olatubara (Eds.), Housing Development and Management: A Book of Readings (pp. 70-106). Nigeria.: Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Social Science, University of Ibadan.
Olayiwola, L. M., Adeleye, O., & Ogunshakin, L. (2005). Public Housing Delivery In Nigeria: Problems And Challenges. Paper presented at the World congress on Housing Transforming Housing Environments through the Design, Pretoria South Africa.
Onibokun, P. (1985). Housing in Nigeria: A book of Readings. Ibadan, Nigeria: Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER).
Otubu, T. (2009). Housing Needs and Land Administration in Nigeria (Unpublished paper). Unpublished paper. Private and Property Law, Faculty of Law. University of Lagos, Akoka, Lagos. Lagos, Nigeria.
Parkes, A., Kearns, A., & Atkinson, R. (2002). What makes people dissatisfied with their neighbourhoods? Urban Studies, 39(13), 2413-2438.
Robinson, M., Scobie, G. M., & Hallinan, B. (2006). Affordability of housing: concepts, measurement and evidence (06/04). Retrieved from New Zealand:
Sarros, J. C., Gray, J., Densten, I. L., & Cooper, B. (2005). The organizational culture profile revisited and revised: An Australian perspective. Australian Journal of Management, 30(1), 159-182.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2004). A Beginner's Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (D. Riegert Ed. Second Edition ed.). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling (3rd Edition ed.). New York: Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
Shanmugapriya, S., & Subramanian, K. (2013). Investigation of Significant Factors Influencing Time and Cost Overruns in Indian Construction Projects. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering, 3(10), 734-740.
Sinai, T., & Souleles, N. S. (2003). Owner-occupied housing as a hedge against rent risk. Available at: http://www.nber.org/papers/w9462. Accessed 15 August 2013.
Snively, S. (2009). What is housing – (consumption good, investment good, asset class, industry, infrastructure), and, what role does it play as an automatic stabilizer. Paper presented at the Workshop on After the Boom – Where to From Here, Reserve Bank of New Zealand.
Stone, M. E. (1993). Shelter Poverty: New ideas on Housing Affordability. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Stone, M. E. (2006). A housing affordability standard for the UK. Housing Studies, 21(4), 453-476.
Tan, T.-H. (2012). Meeting first-time buyers’ housing needs and preferences in greater Kuala Lumpur. Cities, 29(6), 389-396. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2011.11.016
Tanguma, J. (2001). Effects of sample size on the distribution of selected fit indices: A graphical approach. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 61(5), 759-776.
Tu, Y., & Goldfinch, J. (1996). A two-stage housing choice forecasting model. Urban Studies, 33(3), 517-537.
UN-Habitat. (2011). United Nations Human Settlements Programme: Africa Affordable Land and Housing for a better urban future 2012. Available at: http://www.unhabitat.org. Accessed 28 May 2013.
Wang, D., & Li, S.-m. (2006). Socio-economic differentials and stated housing preferences in Guangzhou, China. Habitat International, 30(2), 305-326. doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2004.02.009
Wheaton, W. C. (1990). Vacancy, Search, and Prices in a Housing Market Matching Model. Journal of political Economy, 98(6), 1270-1292.
Wong, P. S. P., & Cheung, S. O. (2005). Structural Equation Model of Trust and Partnering Success. Journal of Management in Engineering, 21, 70-80. doi:10.1061//asce/0742-597x/2005/21:2/70
Yang, Y. (2008). A Tale of Two Cities: Physical Form and Neighborhood Satisfaction in Metropolitan Portland and Charlotte. Journal of the American Planning Association, 74(3), 307-323. doi:10.1080/01944360802215546
Yates, J. (2008). Australia's housing affordability crisis. Australian Economic Review, 41(2), 200-214.
Yusuf, A. A., & Resosudarmo, B. P. (2009). Does clean air matter in developing countries' megacities? A hedonic price analysis of the Jakarta housing market, Indonesia. Ecological Economics, 68(5), 1398-1407.
Zabel, J. E., & Kiel, K. A. (2000). Estimating the demand for air quality in four US cities. Land Economics, 174-194.
AKINYODE, B. F., JELILI, M. O., & ODUNOLA, O. O. (2020). Structural equation modelling of users’ assessment of affordable housing in developing cities. Economic and Environmental Studies, 18(3 (47), 1059–1087. https://doi.org/10.25167/ees.2018.47.2
Authors
Babatunde Femi AKINYODEAuthors
Musibau Omoakin JELILIAuthors
Olaitan Olutayo ODUNOLAStatistics
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