Community-based organizations’ development-oriented activities: assessing participatory bottlenecks and measuring households’ willingness using Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation
Olutayo ODUNOLA
Oluwafemi ODUNSI
Daniel AWODELE
Benson DIRIYAI
Abstract
This paper assesses participatory bottlenecks that households found in development-oriented activities of Community-Based Organizations (CBOs) in the periods 1985-1999 and 2000-2014. It also examines households’ willingness to participate in future development activities. This is aimed at determining whether CBOs and their development-oriented activities would be sustainable. The study was conducted across three Senatorial Districts in Oyo State, Nigeria. Relevant information was obtained through questionnaires which were administered to 1,104 sampled households. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data collected. The major bottlenecks to pro-development participation in the two periods under examination concerned financial and economic resources, as households were faced with financial problems, wealth disparity and uncooperative attitude among community members to the source of projects financing. In reference to these bottlenecks, among others, there exist a significant number of people who are not willing to participate in future pro-development activities of CBOs. The study concludes that the sustainability of the organizations could be guaranteed if the households’ perceived participatory bottlenecks to CBOs’ development-oriented activities are attended to by the government and external stakeholders in order to enhance households’ willingness to participate in future CBOs’ development-oriented activities.
Keywords:
non-governmental organizations, public participation, sustainability, Senatorial DistrictsReferences
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Anthopoulus, L., Siozos, P., Tsoukalas, I. (2007). Applying participatory design and collaboration in digital public services for discovering and re-designing e-Government services. Government. Information Quarterly 24: 352-376.
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Botes, L., van Rensburg, D. (2000). Community participation in development: Nine plagues and twelve commandments. Community Development Journal 35(1): 41-58.
Bromideh, A. (2011). The widespread challenges of NGOs in developing countries: Case studies from Iran. International NGO Journal 6(9):197-202. doi:10.5897/NGOJ11.014.
Campbell, B., Shackleton, S. (2001). The organizational structures for community-based natural resources management in Southern Africa. African Studies Quarterly 5 (3):87-114. http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v5/v5i3a6.htm
Cary, H. (1970). Community development as a process. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
Chirenje, L., Giliba, R., Musamba, E. (2012). Local communities’ participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in African countries. Chinese Journal of Population. Resources and Environment 11(1):10-16. doi:10.1080/10042857.2013.777198.
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Dinbabo, M. (2014). Contractual relationships between indigenous Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and the community: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia. Journal of Social Sciences 38(3): 231-240.
Figueroa, N. (2015). Stakeholder collaboration in community-based organizations (CBOs): The case of a sanitation CBO working in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Master's Degree Thesis. Department of Management Studies, Aalto University School of Business.
Folorunso, O., Olowu T. (2014). The Nigerian power system till date: A review. International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Science and Engineering 1(5): 20-33.
Friesecke, F. (2011). Public participation in urban development projects- A German Perspective. A paper presented at FIG Working Week on Bridging the Gap between Cultures, held at Marrakech, Morocco, May 18-22.
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Kilewo, E., Frumence, G. (2015). Factors that hinders community participation in developing and implementing comprehensive council health plans in Manyoni District, Tanzania. Global Health Action 8 (1). doi: 10.3402/gha.v8.26461.
Mansuri, G., Rao, V. (2004). Community-based and -driven development: A critical review. World Bank Research Observer 19(1): 1-39.
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Narayan, D. (1993). Participatory evaluation tools for managing change in water and sanitation, World Bank Technical Paper, 207.
Narayan, D. (2000). Voices of the poor: poverty and social capital in Tanzania. Environmental and Socially Sustainable Development Studies, Monograph Series 20, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Narayan, D. (2002). Empowerment and poverty alleviation: A source book. Washington, DC: World Bank.
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National Population Commission (DNPC) 2006. Census 2006 data analysis report. Available at: www.budgetofficegov.ng/2012. Accessed 18 March 2016.
Neuman, W. (1991). Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Second Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Njoh, A. (2002). Barriers to community participation in development planning: Lessons from the Mutengene (Cameroon) self-help water project. Community Development Journal 37(3): 233-248. doi:10.1093cdj/37.3.233.
Obadan, M. (2002). Integrated approach to rural poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Annual Lecture Series Delivered at Samuel Adegbite Foundation on February, 22nd 2002. University of Ibadan.
OCDW (2000). Appraisal report for community based poverty reduction project. Federal republic of Nigeria. African Development Fund.
Odunola, O., Odunsi O. (2017). Contributions of community based organizations to poverty alleviation in Oyo State. Economic and Environmental Studies 17(2):185-203. doi.org/10.25167/ees.2007.42.3.
Ogunsanya, O., Fanu, M., Oladipo, D. (2016). Assessing the adequacy of public housing infrastructure in Lagos, Nigeria. Otta: Covenant University Press.
Ohakweh, A., Ezirim, O. (2006). Project planning and evaluation: Planner’s perspective. Port-Harcourt: Alpha Armour Investment Ltd.
Okunmedewa, F. (2001). Poverty alleviation in Nigeria: A four-point Demand. An Annual Guest Lecture. Delivered on March 15, 2001 at University of Ibadan.
Onibokun, A., Faniran, A. (1995). Community Based Organizations in Nigerian Urban Centers: A critical evaluation of their achievements and potentials as agents of development, (CASSAD) Monograph Series 7. Odua Printing Company Limited.
Onyenemezu, C. (2015). The imperative of citizen’s participation in community development. Academic Research International 5(1): 209-215.
Oyedele, O. (2012). The challenges of infrastructure development in democratic governance. A paper presented at FIG Working Week on Knowing to Manage the Territory, Protect the Environment, Evaluate the Cultural Heritage held at Rome, Italy, May 6-10.
Pettit, J. (2002). Making change happen: Advocacy and citizen participation. Development in Practice, 12(2): 227-229.
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Robert, N. (2008). The age of direct citizen participation, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe
Udoka, I. (2013). The imperatives of the provision of infrastructure and improved property values in Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 4(15): 21-33. doi:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n16p21.
United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (2006). Enabling shelter strategies: Review of experience from decades of implementation. Nairobi: United Nations Center for Human Settlements.
Widianingsih, I., Morrel, E. (2007). Participatory planning in Indonesia: Seeking a new path to democracy. Policy Studies 28(1):1-15. doi:10.1080/01442870601121320.
Yank, K., Pandey S. (2011). Further dissecting the black box of citizen participation: when does citizen involvement lead to good outcomes? Public Administration Review 71: 880-892.
Amujiri, B. (2009). Local government community-participation in execution and management of development projects. International Journal of Research in Arts and Social Sciences 1: 364-377.
Anthopoulus, L., Siozos, P., Tsoukalas, I. (2007). Applying participatory design and collaboration in digital public services for discovering and re-designing e-Government services. Government. Information Quarterly 24: 352-376.
Arnstein, S. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. In: Stein, J. M. (ed.). Classic readings in Urban Planning: An introduction. US: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Axelsson, K., Melin, U., Lindgren I. (2010). Exploring the importance of citizen participation and involvement in e-Government projects: practice, incentives, and organization. People, Process and Policy 4(4): 299-321. Doi: 10.1108/17506161011081309.
Bhatnagar, B., Williams, A. (1992). Participatory development and the World Bank potential directions for change. The World Bank Discussion Papers, 183.
Botes, L., van Rensburg, D. (2000). Community participation in development: Nine plagues and twelve commandments. Community Development Journal 35(1): 41-58.
Bromideh, A. (2011). The widespread challenges of NGOs in developing countries: Case studies from Iran. International NGO Journal 6(9):197-202. doi:10.5897/NGOJ11.014.
Campbell, B., Shackleton, S. (2001). The organizational structures for community-based natural resources management in Southern Africa. African Studies Quarterly 5 (3):87-114. http://www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v5/v5i3a6.htm
Cary, H. (1970). Community development as a process. Columbia: University of Missouri Press.
Chirenje, L., Giliba, R., Musamba, E. (2012). Local communities’ participation in decision-making processes through planning and budgeting in African countries. Chinese Journal of Population. Resources and Environment 11(1):10-16. doi:10.1080/10042857.2013.777198.
Craig, D., Porter, D. (2003). Poverty reduction strategy papers: a new convergence. World Development 31(1): 53-69. Available at: www.elsevier.com/locate/worlddev. Accessed 27 April 2016.
Dinbabo, M. (2014). Contractual relationships between indigenous Community Based Organizations (CBOs) and the community: Empirical evidence from Ethiopia. Journal of Social Sciences 38(3): 231-240.
Figueroa, N. (2015). Stakeholder collaboration in community-based organizations (CBOs): The case of a sanitation CBO working in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Master's Degree Thesis. Department of Management Studies, Aalto University School of Business.
Folorunso, O., Olowu T. (2014). The Nigerian power system till date: A review. International Journal of Advance Foundation and Research in Science and Engineering 1(5): 20-33.
Friesecke, F. (2011). Public participation in urban development projects- A German Perspective. A paper presented at FIG Working Week on Bridging the Gap between Cultures, held at Marrakech, Morocco, May 18-22.
Grootaert, C., Narayan, D. (2000). The local level institutions study: local institutions, poverty and household welfare in Bolivia. Local level institution working papers. No 9. Available at: http://www.worldbank.org/socialdevelopment. Accessed 27 April 2016.
Hughes, D. (2001). Rezoned for business: How ecotourism unlocked black farmland in Zimbabwe. Journal of Agrarian Change 1: 575-599.
Ibem, E. (2009). Community-led infrastructure provision in low-income urban communities in developing countries: A study on Ohafia, Nigeria. Cities 125–132. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2009.02.001.
Jones, S., Hackney, R., Iran, Z. (2007). Towards e-Government transformation: Conceptualising “citizen engagement”, Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy 1(2): 145-152.
Kilewo, E., Frumence, G. (2015). Factors that hinders community participation in developing and implementing comprehensive council health plans in Manyoni District, Tanzania. Global Health Action 8 (1). doi: 10.3402/gha.v8.26461.
Mansuri, G., Rao, V. (2004). Community-based and -driven development: A critical review. World Bank Research Observer 19(1): 1-39.
Michels, A., De Graaf L. (2010). Examing citizen participation: Local participatory policy making and democracy. Local Government Studies 36(4): 477-491.
Michels, A. (2017). Participation in citizens’ summits and public engagement. International Review of Administrative Sciences 0(0)1-17. doi: 10.1177/0020852317691117.
Milakovich, M. (2010). The internet and increased citizen participation in government. Journal of Democracy and Open Government 2(1): 1-9.
Molyneux, C., Hutchison, B., Chuma, J., Gilson, L. (2007). The role of community based organizations in household ability to pay for health care in Kilifi District, Kenya. Health Policy and Planning 22(6): 381-392. Doi:10.1093/heapol.czm031.
Muhammad, Z. (2016). Improving quality of Life through community-based participatory development in Nigeria: Explanatory factors for success and failure. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 222:151 – 159.
Narayan, D., Shah, T. (2000). Connecting the local to the global: Voices of the poor framework. Paper prepared for Workshop on Local to Global Community for Voice of the Poor 11-13 December. World Bank, Poverty alleviation and Economic Management Network, Washington, D.C.
Narayan, D. (1993). Participatory evaluation tools for managing change in water and sanitation, World Bank Technical Paper, 207.
Narayan, D. (2000). Voices of the poor: poverty and social capital in Tanzania. Environmental and Socially Sustainable Development Studies, Monograph Series 20, World Bank, Washington, D.C.
Narayan, D. (2002). Empowerment and poverty alleviation: A source book. Washington, DC: World Bank.
National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) (2004). National living standard survey. Available at: www.proshareng.com/news/download.ph. Accessed 18 October 2016.
National Population Commission (DNPC) 2006. Census 2006 data analysis report. Available at: www.budgetofficegov.ng/2012. Accessed 18 March 2016.
Neuman, W. (1991). Social Research Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches, Second Edition. Boston: Allyn and Bacon Njoh, A. (2002). Barriers to community participation in development planning: Lessons from the Mutengene (Cameroon) self-help water project. Community Development Journal 37(3): 233-248. doi:10.1093cdj/37.3.233.
Obadan, M. (2002). Integrated approach to rural poverty alleviation in Nigeria. Annual Lecture Series Delivered at Samuel Adegbite Foundation on February, 22nd 2002. University of Ibadan.
OCDW (2000). Appraisal report for community based poverty reduction project. Federal republic of Nigeria. African Development Fund.
Odunola, O., Odunsi O. (2017). Contributions of community based organizations to poverty alleviation in Oyo State. Economic and Environmental Studies 17(2):185-203. doi.org/10.25167/ees.2007.42.3.
Ogunsanya, O., Fanu, M., Oladipo, D. (2016). Assessing the adequacy of public housing infrastructure in Lagos, Nigeria. Otta: Covenant University Press.
Ohakweh, A., Ezirim, O. (2006). Project planning and evaluation: Planner’s perspective. Port-Harcourt: Alpha Armour Investment Ltd.
Okunmedewa, F. (2001). Poverty alleviation in Nigeria: A four-point Demand. An Annual Guest Lecture. Delivered on March 15, 2001 at University of Ibadan.
Onibokun, A., Faniran, A. (1995). Community Based Organizations in Nigerian Urban Centers: A critical evaluation of their achievements and potentials as agents of development, (CASSAD) Monograph Series 7. Odua Printing Company Limited.
Onyenemezu, C. (2015). The imperative of citizen’s participation in community development. Academic Research International 5(1): 209-215.
Oyedele, O. (2012). The challenges of infrastructure development in democratic governance. A paper presented at FIG Working Week on Knowing to Manage the Territory, Protect the Environment, Evaluate the Cultural Heritage held at Rome, Italy, May 6-10.
Pettit, J. (2002). Making change happen: Advocacy and citizen participation. Development in Practice, 12(2): 227-229.
Plessing, J. (2017). Challenging elite understandings of citizen participation in South Africa. South African Journal of Political Studies 44(1): 73-91. doi:10.1080/02589346.2017.1276010.
Robert, N. (2008). The age of direct citizen participation, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe
Udoka, I. (2013). The imperatives of the provision of infrastructure and improved property values in Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 4(15): 21-33. doi:10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n16p21.
United Nations Center for Human Settlements (UNCHS) (2006). Enabling shelter strategies: Review of experience from decades of implementation. Nairobi: United Nations Center for Human Settlements.
Widianingsih, I., Morrel, E. (2007). Participatory planning in Indonesia: Seeking a new path to democracy. Policy Studies 28(1):1-15. doi:10.1080/01442870601121320.
Yank, K., Pandey S. (2011). Further dissecting the black box of citizen participation: when does citizen involvement lead to good outcomes? Public Administration Review 71: 880-892.
ODUNOLA, O., ODUNSI, O., AWODELE, D., & DIRIYAI, B. (2020). Community-based organizations’ development-oriented activities: assessing participatory bottlenecks and measuring households’ willingness using Arnstein’s ladder of citizen participation. Economic and Environmental Studies, 18(4 (48), 1309–1333. https://doi.org/10.25167/ees.2018.48.8
Authors
Olutayo ODUNOLAAuthors
Oluwafemi ODUNSIAuthors
Daniel AWODELEAuthors
Benson DIRIYAIStatistics
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