Evaluation of carbon monoxide emissions of electric power generators used in buildings in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria
Evaluation of carbon monoxide emissions of electric power generators used in buildings in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria
Akeem Bolaji WAHAB
Department of Building, Obafemi Awolowo University, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife.Abstract
Abstract: Poor supply of electricity to different settlements over the years in Nigeria has forced building occupants to shift to dependence on generators. This study thus determined outdoor and indoor carbon monoxide levels of generators used in both residential and commercial buildings and assessed its impact on the users and the environment. The study was carried out in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria, which was divided into core, transition and suburban zone respectively. Five (5) residential and commercial buildings respectively were purposively selected in each of the zones of the study area. The HT- 1000 digital LCD carbon monoxide meter was used to take measurements of the emissions of carbon monoxide with conformity to NESREA AND OSHA standards. The outdoor emission levels of the carbon monoxide before or during the use of generators were taken at 0, 2 and 4 m respectively from the external walls of the buildings sampled and the corresponding indoor measurements were taken internally at 1.2-1.5m above floor area. The data collected were analysed with the use of statistical methods such as t-test, trend analysis and Kolmogorov smirnov test. The results showed that outdoor and indoor measurements of carbon monoxide emissions levels were highest in buildings in the core zone either before or during the use of generating sets. Reduced carbon monoxide levels during use of generators were obtained at distance limits beyond 2 m from external walls of buildings across zones of the study area. In view of the measurements taken, being above limits set by statutory bodies, during use of generators, and its attendant effects on the environment and building occupants, it was recommended that its users should be enforced to position them in enclosures located away from external walls of buildings and government should license only sales of generating sets with emission control mechanisms.
Keywords:
environment, electricity, buildings, generators, carbon monoxide emissions, impactsReferences
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Adigun, F.O. (2013). Residential Differentials in Incidence and Fear of Crime Perception in
Ibadan. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 3(10), 96-104.
Ahmad, M.T. and Abubakar, H. (2012). Economic Implications of the Use of Generators as
Alternative Energy Source of Energy in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria. International Journal
of Research in Commerce, Economics and Management, 2(2), 28-33.
Afon, A.O. (2008). Intra-Urban Variation in Solid Waste Storage Practice in Nigerian
Traditional City: The Case of Ogbomoso. Journal of The Nigerian Institute of Town
Planners, XXI(1), 104-129.
Akande, T.M., and Ologe, F.R. (2001). Awareness of Commercial Grinding Machine Operators
in Ilorin to Noise Induced Hearing Loss. Tropical Journal of Health Sciences, 8(1), 28-31.
Ana, G., Olowolade, A.T., Abimbola, A.F., Ige, O. and Nriagu, J.O. (2014). Generator
Emissions Profile and the Lung Function Status of Workers within Selected Small-Scale
Business Premises in Ibadan, Nigeria, Global Health Perspectives,
http://dx.doi.org/10.5645/ghp2014.02.003.
Ayeni, B. (1994). The Metropolitan Area of Ibadan, its Structure and Growth, In: Filani, M.O.,
Akintola, F.O. and Ikporukpo,C.O. (eds) Ibadan Region. Rex Charles Publications,
Ibadan, 72-84.
Awofeso, N. (2011). Generator Diesel Exhaust: A Major Hazard to Health and the Environment
in Nigeria. Amer J Respiratory Critical Care Med, 183, 11437-1438.
Bolin, R. (2010). Sustainability of the Building Envelope. Whole Building Design Guide.
Retrieved from http://www.wbdg.org/reseources/env_sustainability.php
British Broadcasting Corporation- Africa (2013). Shame: More than 60 Million People Own
Generators in Nigeria. In a Report of Tomi Oladipo, November, 22.
Canadian Environmental Protection Act (1999). Residential Indoor Air Quality Guideline:
Carbon Monoxide. Environmental and Work Place Health, Reports and Publications,
1-4.
Chigbue, N.J. (2006). Reform of Electric Power Sector: Journey So Far. A Lecture Delivered at
The US-Africa, Collaboration Research Sponsored by the national Scientific Foundation
in Abuja,Nigeria.
Energy Commission of Nigeria (ECN) (2005). Renewable Energy Master Plan. Executive Summary, Energy Commission of Nigeria, Government of Nigeria, Abuja.
EIA (2007). Energy Infrastructure: World Proved Resources of Oil and Natural Gas. Most
Recent Economics. Available at http://www.eia.doe.gov.june, 2007.
Ewings, S. (2008). Global Warming: What You Can Do: Accessed on September 24, 2012 from
http://www.global-greenhousewarming.com
Eze, C.J. and Muhammad, I.B. (2010). Noise Pollution: Effect of Construction Activities on the
Urban Environment, Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Federal University of
Technology (FUTA), Akure, 371-376.
Faniran, G.B. (2012). Residents’ Perception of the Monthly Environmental Sanitation in Ibadan,
Nigeria. An Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis, Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) (2009). Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette,
Legal Notice on the Publication of 2006 Census Final Results, pp. B1-B39.
Harrison, J. (2008). Microgeneration in Technologies. http://www.microgeneration-oracle.com /microgenerationtechnologies.html
Idiata, D.J., Omoruyi, F.O., Agbonalor, N.N. and Ohonba, S.U. (2007). Environmental Effects
of Fossil Fuel Usage. The Nigeria Academic Journal, 13(2), 13-19.
Idigbe, K.I. and Onohaebi, S.O. (2009). Repositioning of the Power Industry in Nigeria to
Guarantee Reliability in Operation and Service. Journal of Engineering and Applied
Science, 4(2), 119-125.
Knight, D and Whitmarsh, B. (2008). Budgeting Carbon Cuts. Accessed on July 28, 2012 from
http://www.planningresource.co.uk/indepth/ByDiscipline/Housing/971333/Budgeting-
carbon-cuts.
Kombe, W.J. and Kreibich, V. (2000). Reconciling Informal and Formal land Management: An
Agenda for Improving Tenure Security and Urban Governance in Poor Countries. Habitat
International, 24(2), 231-240.
Komolafe, A. (2011). Availability of Generators for Electricity Supply to Selected Large
Residential and Office Buildings in Kaduna and Abuja, Nigeria. An Unpublished M.Sc.
Thesis Submitted to the Department of Building, Faculty of Environmental Design,
Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
Liangzhu, W. and Steven, J.E. (2009). Modeling the effects of Outdoor Gasoline Powered Generator Use on Indoor Carbon Monoxide Exposure. National Institute of Standards and Technology, Technical Note, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1-23.
Mabogunje, A.L. (1968). Urbanization in Nigeria, University of London Press, London.
National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (2011). National
Environmental (Standards for Telecommunications and Broadcast Facilities)
Regulations, Federal Republic of Nigeria Official Gazette.
.
Neil, B.H. and Jenette, L.Z. (2005). Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Portable Electric
Generators, American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 28(1), 123-125
Obadote, D.J. (2009). Energy Crisis in Nigeria. Rasheen Publisher, Lagos, Nigeria, 37-51.
Ojoye, S. and Yahaya, T.I. (2007). Land Pollution and Its Effect on the Environment.
Proceedings of the 1st Annual Natural Conference of the School of Environmental
Technology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Niger State, 28th February-2nd
March, 160-175.
Orumu, S.T. and Ephraim, M.E. (2013). Dynamic Effect of Generating Sets on Suspended
Building Floors. The International Journal of Engineering and Science, 2(10), 23-26.
Occupational Safety and Health Act (2004). Occupational Safety and Health Act, Laws of the
Federation of Nigeria, OSHA, 18001, Schedule XII.
Osuntogun, B.A. and Koku, C.A. (2007). Environmental Impacts of Urban Road Transportation
in South-Western States of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences. 7(16), 23-38.
Otasowie, P.O. and Omoruyi, S.O. (2010). Investigation of the Reliability of Generators in
Guiness Nigeria Plc, Lagos, Nigeria. Journal of Economics and Engineering. 3, 29-37.
Otegbulu, A.C., Osagie,.J.V. and Afe,Y.O. (2001). The Built Environment Perspective of
Climate Change. A Focus on Household Activities in Lagos Metropolis, Journal of
Sustainable Development, 4(5), 174-187.
Oyo State Independent Electoral Commission (2013). Political Wards in Ibadan.
www.oysiec.org, Accessed on 11/8/2014.
Sonibare, J.A., Jamiu, A.A., Bamidele, S.F., Ismaila, O.L., Lukuman, A.J., and Olusesan, A.A.
(2014). Ambient Noise from Off-Grid Diesel Engine Electric Power Generators in an
Urban Environment. International Journal of Management of Environmental Quality,
25(2), 185-199.
Stanley, A.M., Mbamali, I.M. and Dania, A.A. (2011). Effect of Fossil-Fuel Electricity
Generators on Indoor Air Quality in Kaduna, Nigeria. Symposium on Indoor Air
Quality in Developing Countries (Ed.) Carter et al, June 6-7, Austin, TX 78712, 46-50.
Subair, K. and Oke, D.M. (2008). Privatization and Trends of Aggregate Consumption of
Electricity in Nigeria: An Empirical Analysis. African Journal of Accounting,
Economics, Finance and Banking Research, 3(3), 13-18.
United Nations-Habitat (2003). Urbanization in Developing Countries. The World Bank
Research Observer, 17(1), 89-112.
United States Environmental Protection Agency (2010). Environmental Technology Verification
Programme. ETV Green Building Technologies, Retrieved from
http://www.epa.gov/etv/pubs/600f06016.pdf
United States Green Building Council (2010). USGBC Green Building Research.
http://www.usgbc.org / Display
Vernon, H. (2002). Urbanization in Developing Countries. The World Bank Research Observer, 17(1), 91-112.
Wojuade, C.A. (2012). Evaluation of Accessibility to Social and Economic Activities in Ibadan,
Nigeria. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis Submitted to the Department of Urban and Regional
Planning, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
World Bank (2004). The Environment Matters, Washington D.C., USA, 28-36.
World Bank (2005). Energy Sector Management Assistance Programme in Nigeria: Expanding
Access to Rural Infrastructure: Issues and Options for Rural Electrification, Water Supply and Telecommunications, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,
Washington D.C., USA.
World Health Organization (2004). Technical Meeting on Sleep. Regional Office for Europe.
World Health Organization (2010). WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Selected
Pollutants, WHO Regional Office for Europe [Online]. Available from
http://www.euro.who.int (Accessed October 15th, 2012).
WAHAB, A. B. (2020). Evaluation of carbon monoxide emissions of electric power generators used in buildings in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria: Evaluation of carbon monoxide emissions of electric power generators used in buildings in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. Economic and Environmental Studies, 19(4 (52). https://doi.org/10.25167/ees.2019.52.3
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