The Role of the Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Sustainable Cement Production and Waste Management
Anna KRÓL
Abstract
Sustainable development is a call to prudence and moderation efforts to reconcile key areas for humanity: ecological, economic and social development. Consistent with the idea of sustainable development is the use of by-products from other industries for the production of clinker, cement and concrete. These products can successfully replace natural minerals or clinker in cement production. This considerably reduces the extraction of natural resources and increases the economy of the process, without compromising the quality of the product. In cement production technology increasingly important role starts to play also active mineral additives. In the world's cement production process it has economic, ecological, but also technological base. The aim is in fact to obtain such cements whose properties will receive high durability concrete, and the use of suitable mineral supplements can be helpful in this. Known mineral additive is granulated blast furnace slag - waste coming from the steel industry. This material is increasingly being used also in the process of solidification of hazardous waste. The use of granulated blast furnace slag in the cement industry and in the process of solidification of galvanic sludge is presented in the paper with the presentation of the author's own research in this field.
Keywords:
granulated blast furnace slag, waste management, cement production, solidification, heavy metalsReferences
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PN-EN 15167-2:2006 Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout. Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria
PN-EN 197-1:2012 Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
PN-EN 450-2:2006 Fly ash for concrete. Conformity evaluation
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Roskovic, R.; Bjegovic, D. (2005). Role of mineral additions in reducing CO2 emission. Cement and Concrete Research 35: 974-978
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Song, F.; Gu, L.; Zhu, N.; Yuan, H.; (2013). Leaching behavior of heavy metals from sewage sludge solidified by cement-based binders. Chemosphere 92: 344-350
Wzorek, M.; Król, A. (2009). Analysis of selected properties of sewage sludge within the consideration of its energetic application in forming alternative fuels. Series of Monographs Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 6: 132-136
Wzorek, M.; Król, A. (2012). Ocena jakości paliw z odpadów stosowanych w procesach współspalania z węglem (Evaluation of the quality of fuels from waste used in co-combustion with coal). Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych 10: 444-465.
Bapat ,J.D. (2001). Performance of cement concrete with mineral admixtures. Advances in Cement Research vol. 13: 139-155.
Baran, T.; Pichniarczyk, P.; Kalarus, D. (2010). Ograniczanie emisji gazów i pyłów – wykorzystanie odpadów w przemyśle (Reduction of gas and dust emissions - use of waste in industry). Izolacje. 5: 22-25
Batchelor, B. (2006). Overview of waste stabilization with cement. Waste Management 26: 689-698
Berndt, M.L. (2009). Properties of sustainable concrete containing fly ash, slag and recycled concrete aggregate. Construction and Building Materials, vol. 23: 2606–2613
Biuletyn Stowarzyszenia Producentów Cementu (Association of Cement Producers Bulletin). 2016.
Fitch, J.R.; Cheeseman C.R. (2003). Characterisation of environmentally exposed cement-based stabilised/solidified industrial waste. Journal of Hazardous Materials vol. A101: 239–255
Fu, X.; Wang, Z.; Tao, W.; Yang, Ch.; Hou, W.; Dong, Y.; Wu, X. (2002). Studies on blended cement with a large amount of fly ash. Cement and Concrete Research 32: 1153-1159
Giergiczny, Z.; Małolepszy, J.; Szwabowski, J.; Śliwiński, J. (2002). Cementy z dodatkami mineralnymi w technologii betonów nowej generacji (Cements with mineral additives in new generation concrete technology). Opole: Wydawnictwo Instytut Śląski.
Giergiczny, Z. (2006). Rola popiołów lotnych wapniowych i krzemionkowych w kształtowaniu właściwości współczesnych spoiw budowlanych i tworzyw cementowych (The role of calcium and silica fly ash in shaping the properties of modern building matrieces). Monografia 325. Kraków: Politechnika Krakowska.
Giergiczny, Z. (2008). Zrównoważony rozwój a produkcja cementu (Sustainable development and cement production). KILiW PAN Problemy naukowo-badawcze Budownictwa T.IV Zrównoważony rozwój w budownictwie (54 Konferencja Naukowa), Krynica-Białystok, 105-122.
Habib, M.A.; Bahadur, N.M.; Mahmood, A.J.; Islam, M.A, (2012). Immobilization of heavy metals in cementitious matrices. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society 16: 263-269
Król, A. (2007). Wiązanie jonów chromu w procesie hydratacji spoiw mineralnych (Binding of chromium ions in hydration of mineral binders). Przemysł Chemiczny 10: 971-973
Król, A. (2012). Durability of stabilised galvanic sewage sludge against the impact of sea water and sulphate solution. Environmental Protection Engineering 4 (vol.38): 29-40
Król, A.; Jagoda, D. (2012). Carbonation and the durability of cement composites immobilizing heavy metals. Cement Wapno Beton, 2: 90-101
Malviya, R.; Chaudhary, R. (2006). Factors affecting hazardous waste solidification/stabilization: A review. Journal of Hazardous Materials B137: 267–276
Müllauer, W.; Beddoe, R.E.; Heinz, D. (2015). Leaching behaviour of major and trace elements from concrete: Effect of fly ash and GGBS. Cement and Concrete Composites 58: 129-139
Navarro-Blasco, I.; Duran, A.; Sirera, R.; Fernandez, J.M.; Alvarez, J.I. (2013). Solidification/stabilization of toxic metals in calcium aluminate cement matrices. Journal of Hazardous Materials 260: 89-103
Neville, A.M. (2012). Properties of concrete. SPC. Kraków
Pawłowski, A. et al. (2004). Realizacja zasady zrównoważonego rozwoju w przemyśle cementowym (Implementation of the principle of sustainable development in the cement industry). In: Ochrona i inżynieria środowiska. Monographs of the Committee of Environmental Engineering PAS 25.
PN-EN 12390-3:2011 Testing hardened concrete. Compressive strength of test specimen.
PN-EN 12457-4:2006 Characterisation of waste - Leaching - Compliance test for leaching of granular waste materials and sludges - Part 4: One stage batch test at a liquid to solid ratio of 10 I/kg for materials withparticle size below 10 mm (without or with size reduction).
PN-EN 15167-2:2006 Ground granulated blast furnace slag for use in concrete, mortar and grout. Definitions, specifications and conformity criteria
PN-EN 197-1:2012 Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
PN-EN 450-2:2006 Fly ash for concrete. Conformity evaluation
Ponikiewski, T.; Gołaszewski, J. (2012). The high - calcium fly ash as a component of self-compacting concrete.
Eurocoalash 2012 Conference, Thessaloniki, Greece.
Roskovic, R.; Bjegovic, D. (2005). Role of mineral additions in reducing CO2 emission. Cement and Concrete Research 35: 974-978
Regulation of the Minister of Economy of 8 January 2013 on the criteria and procedures for the acceptance of waste for disposal at a landfill. Dz. U. poz. 38.
Song, F.; Gu, L.; Zhu, N.; Yuan, H.; (2013). Leaching behavior of heavy metals from sewage sludge solidified by cement-based binders. Chemosphere 92: 344-350
Wzorek, M.; Król, A. (2009). Analysis of selected properties of sewage sludge within the consideration of its energetic application in forming alternative fuels. Series of Monographs Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 6: 132-136
Wzorek, M.; Król, A. (2012). Ocena jakości paliw z odpadów stosowanych w procesach współspalania z węglem (Evaluation of the quality of fuels from waste used in co-combustion with coal). Prace Instytutu Ceramiki i Materiałów Budowlanych 10: 444-465.
KRÓL, A. (2020). The Role of the Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Sustainable Cement Production and Waste Management. Economic and Environmental Studies, 17(3 (43), 613–624. https://doi.org/10.25167/ees.2017.43.10
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