Środowiskowa klasyfikacja produktów w kontekście ekoprojektowania w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach
Katarzyna JOACHIMIAK-LECHMAN
Anna LEWANDOWSKA
Tomasz STRÓZIK
Dorota STRÓZIK
Abstrakt
Od pewnego czasu kreowane jest podejście do zarządzania środowiskowego bazujące na cyklu życia wytwarzanych produktów i usług oraz ich wpływie na środowisko. W tak zorientowanym systemie zarządzania ważną rolę pełni ekoprojektowanie, które może mieć zastosowanie w różnych aspektach zarządzania produktem. Specyfika małych i średnich przedsiębiorstw powoduje jednak, że realizowanie w ich przypadku procesów ekoprojektowych może być
problematyczne. W artykule podkreślono wzrastające znaczenie ekoprojektowania w kontekście tej grupy podmiotów oraz przedyskutowano wykorzystanie w tym obszarze środowiskowej klasyfikacji produktów. Głównym celem było zaproponowanie klasyfikacji, która pozwalałaby na zdefiniowanie środowiskowych klas produktów oraz identyfikację przyczyn negatywnego oddziaływania ich cyklu życia. Dla ustalenia jakimi kryteriami należy się kierować klasyfikując
dany produkt wykonano analizę skupień na grupie 50 wyselekcjonowanych obiektów badawczych. Uzyskana jednak klasyfikacja produktów nie pozwoliła na kontrybucję poszczególnych etapów cyklu życia w tworzeniu wpływu na środowisko, a jedynie na wyróżnienie zasadniczo dwóch grup produktów typu active oraz passive. W rezultacie uznano, iż analiza skupień z racji, iż nie pozwala na identyfikowanie środowiskowych punktów krytycznych, może być traktowana przez
projektantów jedynie jako źródło informacji uzupełniających, a nie jako główne podejście do podziału produktów. Z tego względu dokonano podziału analizowanych produktów według udziałów procentowych wartości wskaźnika Potencjału Globalnego Ocieplenia (GWP100a) oraz Skumulowanego Zapotrzebowania na Energię (CED) w trzech etapach cyklu życia: produkcji, użytkowania oraz końcowego zagospodarowania. Otrzymana klasyfikacja stanowi wytyczne w
zakresie doskonalenia produktów w oparciu o proponowane strategie ekoprojektowe i może być
pomocna zwłaszcza małym i średnim przedsiębiorstwom.
Słowa kluczowe:
ekoprojektowanie, analiza skupień, klasyfikacja produktów, małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwaBibliografia
Ammenberg, J.; Sundin. E. (2005). Products in environmental management systems: drivers, barriers and experiences. Journal of Cleaner Production 13: 405–415.
Arana-Landin, G.; Heras-Saizarbitoria, I. (2011). Paving the way for the ISO 14006 ecodesign standard: an exploratory study in Spanish companies. Journal of Cleaner Production 19: 1007– 1015.
Arzoumanidis, I.: Zamagni, A.; Raggi, A.; Petti, L.; Magazzeni, D. (2013). A model of simplified LCA for agri-food SMEs. In: Salomone, R.; Clasadonte, M.T.; Proto, M.; Raggi, A. (eds.) Product-Oriented Environmental Management System (POEMS) - Improving Sustainability and Competitiveness in the agri-food chain with innovative environmental management tools: 123-150. Springer: Netherlands.
Baumann, H.; Boons, F.; Bragd, A. (2002). Mapping the green product development field: engineering, policy and business perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production 10:409–425.
Birch, A.; Hon, K.K.B.; Short, T. (2012). Structure and output mechanisms in Design for Environment (DfE) tools. Journal of Cleaner Production 35: 50–58.
Buttol, P.; Buonamici, R.; Naldesi, L.; Rinaldi, C.; Zamagni, A.; Masoni, P. (2012). Integrating services and tools in an ICT platform to support eco-innovation in SMEs. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 14: 211– 221.
Chandrasegaran, S.K.; Ramani, K.; Sriram, R D.; Horvath, I.; Bernard, A.; Ramy, H.F.; Gao, W. (2013). The evaluation, challenges, and future of knowledge representation in product design system. Computer- Aided Design 45: 204 – 228.
Chevalier , J.P. (2009). Product Life Cycle Design: Integrating environmental aspects into SMEs product design and development process. EVRE Conference, 26th-29th March, Monaco.
Donnelly, K.; Beckett-Furnell, Z.; Traeger, S.; Okrasinski, T.; Holman, S. (2006). Eco-design implemented through a product-based environmental management system. Journal of Cleaner Production 14: 1357– 1367.
Dostatni, E.; Karwasz, A. (2009). Computer aided eco-design systems. Business Management / Polish Society for Production Management 2: 13– 22.
EN ISO 14006: 2011 Environmental management systems – Guidelines for incorporating ecodesign. International Organization for Standardization.
Hair, J.F.; Black, W.C.; Babin, B.J.; Anderson, R.E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th edition). Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Hochschorner , E.; Finnveden, G. (2003).Evaluation of two simplified life cycle assessment methods. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 8:119–128.
Hur, T.; Lee, J.; Ryu, J.; Kwon, E. (2005). Simplified LCA and matrix methods in identifying the environmental aspects of a product system. Journal of Environmental Management 75: 229– 37.
Jincheng, X. (2003). Ecodesign for wear resistant ductile cast iron with medium manganese content. Materials & Design 24: 63– 68.
Jolliet, O.; Margni, M.; Charles R.; Humbert S.; Payet, J.; Rebitzer G.; Rosenbaum R. (2003). IMPACT 2002+: A new life cycle impact assessment methodology. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 8: 324-330.
Kurczewski, P. (2014). Life cycle thinking in small and medium enterprises: the results of research on the implementation of life cycle tools in Polish SMEs—part 1: background and framework. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19: 593– 600.
Le Pochat, S.; Bertoluci, G.; Froelich, D. (2007). Integrating ecodesign by conducting changes in SMEs. Journal of Cleaner Production 15: 671– 680.
Lewandowska, A.; Matuszak-Flejszman, A. (2014). Eco-design as a normative element of Environmental Management Systems—the context of the revised ISO 14001:2015. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19: 1794 – 1798.
Lewis, H.; Gertsakis, J.; Grant, T.; Morelli, N.; Sweatman, A. (2001). Design and environment. A global guide to designing greener goods. Greenleaf, Sheffield.
Lofthouse, V. (2005). Investigation into the role of core industrial designers in ecodesign projects. Design Studies 25: 215– 227.
Luttropp, C.; Lagerstedt, J. (2006). EcoDesign and the ten golden rules: generic advice for merging environmental aspects into product development. Journal of Cleaner Production 14: 1396–1408.
Mahmud, J.O.; Mohd Ismail, M.S.; Mohd Taib, J. (2014). Improving product classification through product family segregation. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 9: 775– 781.
Masoni, P.; Sara,B.; Scimia, E.; Raggi, A. (2004). VerdEE: a tool for adoption of life cycle assessment in small and medium sized enterprises in Italy. Progress in Industrial Ecology 1: 203– 228.
Millet, D.; Bistagnino, L.; Lanzavecchia, C.; Camous, R.; Poldma, T. (2007). Does the potential of the use of LCA match the design team needs? Journal of Cleaner Production15: 335–346.
Norusis, M. (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics 19 Statistical Procedures Companion. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Okrasinski, T.;Malian, J.;Arnold, J.;Tsuriya, M.; Fu, H. (2013). Simplified Approach for Estimating Life Cycle EcoImpact for Information and Communications Technology Products. In: Matsumoto, M.; Umeda, Y.; Masui, K.; Fukushige, S. (eds.) Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society. Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing: 750-755, 30th November- 2nd December, Kyoto.
Pamminger, R.; Krautzer, F.; Wimmer, W.; Schischke, K. (2013).“LCA to Go” - Environmental Assessment of Machine Tools According to Requirements of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). In: Nee, A.; Song, B.; Ong, S.K. (eds.) Development of the Methodological Concept Re-engineering Manufacturing for Sustainability. Proceedings of the 20th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering: 481-486, 17th-19th April, Singapore. Available at: http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/54558_pl.html. Accessed 3 July 2016.
Pigosso, D.;Rozenfeld, H. (2011). Proposal of an Ecodesign Maturity Model: supporting Companies to improve Environmental Sustainability. In: Hesselbach, J.; Herrmann, C. (eds.) Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing. Proceedings of the 18th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering:136-141, 2nd-4th May, Braunschweig.
Poudelet, V.; Chayer, J.A.; Margni, M.; Pellerin, R.; Samson, R. (2012). A process-based approach to operationalize life cycle assessment through the development of an ecodesign decision-support system. Journal of Cleaner Production 33:192– 201.
Reyes, T.; Rohmer, S. (2009). The Trojan horse method as a vector of ecodesign integration: a case study at French SME. International Conference on Engineering Design ICED’09: 173-184, 24th-27th August, Stanford University, USA. Available at: http://www.designsociety.org/publication/28779/the_trojan_horse_method_as_a_vector_of_ecodesign_integration_a_case_study_at_a_french_sme. Accessed 3 July 2016.
Ribeiro, I.; Peças, R.; Henriques, E. (2013). A life cycle framework to support materials selection for Ecodesign: A case study on biodegradable polymers. Materials & Design 51: 300– 308.
Rocha, C.; Silvester, S. (2014). Product-Oriented Environmental Management Systems (POEMS) From theory to practice – experiences in Europe.
Sarstedt, M.; Mooi, E.A. (2014). Concise Guide to Market Research: The Process, Data, and Methods Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Texts in Business and Economics (2nd edition). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
Selech, J.; Joachimiak-Lechman, K.; Kłos, Z.; Kulczycka, J.; Kurczewski, P. (2014). Life Cycle Thinking in small and medium enterprises - the results of research on the implementation of life cycle tools in Polish SMEs Part 3: LCC related aspects. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 5:1119–1128.
Soriano, V.J.A. (2004). Simplified assessment methodology to environmentally sound product design. Proceedings of the Fifth Pacific Industrial Engineering and Management Systems Conference, 2–15 December, Gold Coast, Australia.
Sousa, I.; Wallace, D. (2006). Product classification to support approximate life-cycle assessment of design concepts. Technological Forecasting & Social Change73: 228–249.
Stanisz, A. (2007). Approachable Statistics Course Using STATISTICA PL examples from medicine (vol.3). Multivariate Analysis. StatSoft, Cracow, Poland.
Sun, M. (2004). Integrated environmental assessment of industrial products. Doctor Thesis, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales. Available at: http://documents.mx/ documents/sun-2005-integrated-environmental-assessment-ofindustrial.html. Accessed 3 July 2016.
Tukker , A.; Eder, P.; Charter, M.; Haag, E.; Vercalsteren, A.; Wiedmann, T. (2001). Ecodesign: The state of implementation in Europe–conclusions of a state of the art study for IPTS. The Journal of Sustainable Product Design 1: 147– 161.
Van Hemel, C.; Cramer, J. (2002). Barriers and stimuli for ecodesign in SMEs. Journal of Cleaner Production 10: 439– 453
Witczak, J.; Kasprzak, J.; Kłos, Z.; Kurczewski, P.; Lewandowska, A.; Lewicki, R. (2014). Life Cycle Thinking in small and medium enterprises - the results of research on the implementation of life cycle tools in Polish SMEs Part 2: LCA related aspects. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 4:891– 900.
Wimmer, W.; Zust, R.; Lee, K.M. (2004). Ecodesign implementation: a systematic guidance on integrating environmental considerations into product development. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
Wimmer, W.; Lee, K.M.; Quella, F.; Polak, J. (2010). Ecodesign - The Competitive Advantage. Science and Technology: tools for Sustainability Development (vol. 18). Alliance for Global Sustainability Book Series. Springer: Netherlands.
Xu, Q.; Jiao, R.J.; Jang, X.; Helander, M. (2009). An analytical Kano model for customer need analysis. Design Studies 30: 87– 110.
Arana-Landin, G.; Heras-Saizarbitoria, I. (2011). Paving the way for the ISO 14006 ecodesign standard: an exploratory study in Spanish companies. Journal of Cleaner Production 19: 1007– 1015.
Arzoumanidis, I.: Zamagni, A.; Raggi, A.; Petti, L.; Magazzeni, D. (2013). A model of simplified LCA for agri-food SMEs. In: Salomone, R.; Clasadonte, M.T.; Proto, M.; Raggi, A. (eds.) Product-Oriented Environmental Management System (POEMS) - Improving Sustainability and Competitiveness in the agri-food chain with innovative environmental management tools: 123-150. Springer: Netherlands.
Baumann, H.; Boons, F.; Bragd, A. (2002). Mapping the green product development field: engineering, policy and business perspectives. Journal of Cleaner Production 10:409–425.
Birch, A.; Hon, K.K.B.; Short, T. (2012). Structure and output mechanisms in Design for Environment (DfE) tools. Journal of Cleaner Production 35: 50–58.
Buttol, P.; Buonamici, R.; Naldesi, L.; Rinaldi, C.; Zamagni, A.; Masoni, P. (2012). Integrating services and tools in an ICT platform to support eco-innovation in SMEs. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 14: 211– 221.
Chandrasegaran, S.K.; Ramani, K.; Sriram, R D.; Horvath, I.; Bernard, A.; Ramy, H.F.; Gao, W. (2013). The evaluation, challenges, and future of knowledge representation in product design system. Computer- Aided Design 45: 204 – 228.
Chevalier , J.P. (2009). Product Life Cycle Design: Integrating environmental aspects into SMEs product design and development process. EVRE Conference, 26th-29th March, Monaco.
Donnelly, K.; Beckett-Furnell, Z.; Traeger, S.; Okrasinski, T.; Holman, S. (2006). Eco-design implemented through a product-based environmental management system. Journal of Cleaner Production 14: 1357– 1367.
Dostatni, E.; Karwasz, A. (2009). Computer aided eco-design systems. Business Management / Polish Society for Production Management 2: 13– 22.
EN ISO 14006: 2011 Environmental management systems – Guidelines for incorporating ecodesign. International Organization for Standardization.
Hair, J.F.; Black, W.C.; Babin, B.J.; Anderson, R.E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis (7th edition). Prentice Hall: New Jersey.
Hochschorner , E.; Finnveden, G. (2003).Evaluation of two simplified life cycle assessment methods. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 8:119–128.
Hur, T.; Lee, J.; Ryu, J.; Kwon, E. (2005). Simplified LCA and matrix methods in identifying the environmental aspects of a product system. Journal of Environmental Management 75: 229– 37.
Jincheng, X. (2003). Ecodesign for wear resistant ductile cast iron with medium manganese content. Materials & Design 24: 63– 68.
Jolliet, O.; Margni, M.; Charles R.; Humbert S.; Payet, J.; Rebitzer G.; Rosenbaum R. (2003). IMPACT 2002+: A new life cycle impact assessment methodology. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 8: 324-330.
Kurczewski, P. (2014). Life cycle thinking in small and medium enterprises: the results of research on the implementation of life cycle tools in Polish SMEs—part 1: background and framework. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19: 593– 600.
Le Pochat, S.; Bertoluci, G.; Froelich, D. (2007). Integrating ecodesign by conducting changes in SMEs. Journal of Cleaner Production 15: 671– 680.
Lewandowska, A.; Matuszak-Flejszman, A. (2014). Eco-design as a normative element of Environmental Management Systems—the context of the revised ISO 14001:2015. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19: 1794 – 1798.
Lewis, H.; Gertsakis, J.; Grant, T.; Morelli, N.; Sweatman, A. (2001). Design and environment. A global guide to designing greener goods. Greenleaf, Sheffield.
Lofthouse, V. (2005). Investigation into the role of core industrial designers in ecodesign projects. Design Studies 25: 215– 227.
Luttropp, C.; Lagerstedt, J. (2006). EcoDesign and the ten golden rules: generic advice for merging environmental aspects into product development. Journal of Cleaner Production 14: 1396–1408.
Mahmud, J.O.; Mohd Ismail, M.S.; Mohd Taib, J. (2014). Improving product classification through product family segregation. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 9: 775– 781.
Masoni, P.; Sara,B.; Scimia, E.; Raggi, A. (2004). VerdEE: a tool for adoption of life cycle assessment in small and medium sized enterprises in Italy. Progress in Industrial Ecology 1: 203– 228.
Millet, D.; Bistagnino, L.; Lanzavecchia, C.; Camous, R.; Poldma, T. (2007). Does the potential of the use of LCA match the design team needs? Journal of Cleaner Production15: 335–346.
Norusis, M. (2012). IBM SPSS Statistics 19 Statistical Procedures Companion. Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
Okrasinski, T.;Malian, J.;Arnold, J.;Tsuriya, M.; Fu, H. (2013). Simplified Approach for Estimating Life Cycle EcoImpact for Information and Communications Technology Products. In: Matsumoto, M.; Umeda, Y.; Masui, K.; Fukushige, S. (eds.) Design for Innovative Value Towards a Sustainable Society. Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Environmentally Conscious Design and Inverse Manufacturing: 750-755, 30th November- 2nd December, Kyoto.
Pamminger, R.; Krautzer, F.; Wimmer, W.; Schischke, K. (2013).“LCA to Go” - Environmental Assessment of Machine Tools According to Requirements of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs). In: Nee, A.; Song, B.; Ong, S.K. (eds.) Development of the Methodological Concept Re-engineering Manufacturing for Sustainability. Proceedings of the 20th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering: 481-486, 17th-19th April, Singapore. Available at: http://cordis.europa.eu/result/rcn/54558_pl.html. Accessed 3 July 2016.
Pigosso, D.;Rozenfeld, H. (2011). Proposal of an Ecodesign Maturity Model: supporting Companies to improve Environmental Sustainability. In: Hesselbach, J.; Herrmann, C. (eds.) Glocalized Solutions for Sustainability in Manufacturing. Proceedings of the 18th CIRP International Conference on Life Cycle Engineering:136-141, 2nd-4th May, Braunschweig.
Poudelet, V.; Chayer, J.A.; Margni, M.; Pellerin, R.; Samson, R. (2012). A process-based approach to operationalize life cycle assessment through the development of an ecodesign decision-support system. Journal of Cleaner Production 33:192– 201.
Reyes, T.; Rohmer, S. (2009). The Trojan horse method as a vector of ecodesign integration: a case study at French SME. International Conference on Engineering Design ICED’09: 173-184, 24th-27th August, Stanford University, USA. Available at: http://www.designsociety.org/publication/28779/the_trojan_horse_method_as_a_vector_of_ecodesign_integration_a_case_study_at_a_french_sme. Accessed 3 July 2016.
Ribeiro, I.; Peças, R.; Henriques, E. (2013). A life cycle framework to support materials selection for Ecodesign: A case study on biodegradable polymers. Materials & Design 51: 300– 308.
Rocha, C.; Silvester, S. (2014). Product-Oriented Environmental Management Systems (POEMS) From theory to practice – experiences in Europe.
Sarstedt, M.; Mooi, E.A. (2014). Concise Guide to Market Research: The Process, Data, and Methods Using IBM SPSS Statistics. Texts in Business and Economics (2nd edition). Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
Selech, J.; Joachimiak-Lechman, K.; Kłos, Z.; Kulczycka, J.; Kurczewski, P. (2014). Life Cycle Thinking in small and medium enterprises - the results of research on the implementation of life cycle tools in Polish SMEs Part 3: LCC related aspects. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 5:1119–1128.
Soriano, V.J.A. (2004). Simplified assessment methodology to environmentally sound product design. Proceedings of the Fifth Pacific Industrial Engineering and Management Systems Conference, 2–15 December, Gold Coast, Australia.
Sousa, I.; Wallace, D. (2006). Product classification to support approximate life-cycle assessment of design concepts. Technological Forecasting & Social Change73: 228–249.
Stanisz, A. (2007). Approachable Statistics Course Using STATISTICA PL examples from medicine (vol.3). Multivariate Analysis. StatSoft, Cracow, Poland.
Sun, M. (2004). Integrated environmental assessment of industrial products. Doctor Thesis, School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales. Available at: http://documents.mx/ documents/sun-2005-integrated-environmental-assessment-ofindustrial.html. Accessed 3 July 2016.
Tukker , A.; Eder, P.; Charter, M.; Haag, E.; Vercalsteren, A.; Wiedmann, T. (2001). Ecodesign: The state of implementation in Europe–conclusions of a state of the art study for IPTS. The Journal of Sustainable Product Design 1: 147– 161.
Van Hemel, C.; Cramer, J. (2002). Barriers and stimuli for ecodesign in SMEs. Journal of Cleaner Production 10: 439– 453
Witczak, J.; Kasprzak, J.; Kłos, Z.; Kurczewski, P.; Lewandowska, A.; Lewicki, R. (2014). Life Cycle Thinking in small and medium enterprises - the results of research on the implementation of life cycle tools in Polish SMEs Part 2: LCA related aspects. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 4:891– 900.
Wimmer, W.; Zust, R.; Lee, K.M. (2004). Ecodesign implementation: a systematic guidance on integrating environmental considerations into product development. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg.
Wimmer, W.; Lee, K.M.; Quella, F.; Polak, J. (2010). Ecodesign - The Competitive Advantage. Science and Technology: tools for Sustainability Development (vol. 18). Alliance for Global Sustainability Book Series. Springer: Netherlands.
Xu, Q.; Jiao, R.J.; Jang, X.; Helander, M. (2009). An analytical Kano model for customer need analysis. Design Studies 30: 87– 110.
JOACHIMIAK-LECHMAN, K., LEWANDOWSKA, A., STRÓZIK, T., & STRÓZIK, D. (2020). Środowiskowa klasyfikacja produktów w kontekście ekoprojektowania w małych i średnich przedsiębiorstwach. Economic and Environmental Studies, 17(3 (43), 491–513. https://doi.org/10.25167/ees.2017.43.3
Autorzy
Katarzyna JOACHIMIAK-LECHMANAutorzy
Anna LEWANDOWSKAAutorzy
Tomasz STRÓZIKAutorzy
Dorota STRÓZIKStatystyki
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