Idea zrównoważonego rozwoju w zarządzaniu obszarami metropolitalnymi w Europie
Abstrakt
Gwałtowna urbanizacja prowadzi między innymi do dynamicznego rozwoju obszarów metropolitalnych. Związki funkcjonalne zachodzące między jednostkami terytorialnymi tworzącymi obszar metropolitalny oznaczają, iż aby zapobiegać negatywnym efektom metropolizacji i zapewnić zrównoważony rozwój takiego terytorium opracowanie gospodarczo, przestrzennie i środowiskowo spójnych strategii musi być koordynowane na szczeblu metropolitalnym. To z kolei wymaga zmiany w podejściu do zarządzania rozwojem w kierunku współrządzenia (governance). Artykuł, bazując na studiach przypadków obszarów metropolitalnych Kopenhagi i Londynu, ma na celu pokazać czy koncepcja governance jest wykorzystywana w zarządzaniu obszarami metropolitalnymi oraz czy władze metropolitalne w dokumentach strategicznych uwzględniają zasadę zrównoważonego rozwoju. Badania polegały na analizie form współrządzenia w poszczególnych obszarach oraz analizie planów strategicznych przyjętych przez podmioty zarządzające metropoliami.
Słowa kluczowe:
rozwój zrównoważony, obszary metropolitalne, governanceBibliografia
Territorial Agenda of the European Union: Towards More Competitive and Sustainable Europe of Diverse Regions (2007). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/en/information/publications/communications/2007/ territorial-agenda-of-the-european-union-towards-a-more-competitive-and-sustainable-europe-of-diverseregions. Accessed 10 April 2016.
Google Scholar
Andersson, M. (2015). Unpacking Metropolitan Governance for Sustainable Development. Eschborn: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
Google Scholar
Berger, G. (2003). Reflections on Governance: Power Relations and Policy Making in Regional Sustainable Development. Planning Theory and Practice 5(3): 219-234.
Google Scholar
Brüel, M. (2012). Copenhagen, Denmark: Green City amid the Finger Metropolis. In: Beatley, T. (ed.). Green Cities of Europe: Global Lessons on Green Urbanism: 83-108. Island Press.
Google Scholar
Cook I. R.; Swyngedouw, E (2012). Cities, Social Cohesion and the Environment: Towards a Future Research Agenda. Urban Studies 49: 1959-1979.
Google Scholar
Drzazga, D. (2008). Interaktywny model proekologicznego zarządzania zintegrowaną gospodarką energetyczną i przestrzenną w rozwoju miast (An interactive model of pro-ecological management of integrated energy and spatial economy in urban development). Uniwersytet Łódzki, Łódź: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego.
Google Scholar
Dulal, H.B., Akbar, S. (2013). Greenhouse gas emission reduction options for cities: finding the coincidence of agendas between local priorities and climate change mitigation objectives. Habitat International 38: 100–105.
Google Scholar
Elliott, J.A. (2006). An introduction to sustainable development. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
Google Scholar
European Commission (1996). European Sustainable Cities. Report. Brussels.
Google Scholar
European Parliament (2001). A Sustainable Europe for a Better World: A European Union Strategy for Sustainable Development. Strasbourg.
Google Scholar
European Union (2011) Cities of Tomorrow. Challenges, Visions, Ways forward. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/sources/docgener/studies/pdf/citiesoftomorrow/citiesoftomorrow_final.p df. Accessed 12 April 2016.
Google Scholar
Gleeson, B.; Darbas, T.; Lawson, S. (2004). Governance, Sustainability and Recent Australian Metropolitan Strategies: A Socio-theoretic Analysis. Urban Policy and Research 22(4): 345-366.
Google Scholar
Gret-Regamey, A.; Celio, E.; Klein, T.M., et al. (2013). Understanding ecosystem services trade-offs with interactive procedural modeling for sustainable urban planning. Landscape Urban Planning 109: 107–116.
Google Scholar
Growth Forum for the Capital Region (2011). The Capital Region of Denmark – the green, innovative growth engine of Northern Europe. Copenhagen.
Google Scholar
Hansen, A. L.; Andersen, H. T.; Clark, E. (2001). Creative Copenhagen: Globalization, Urban Governance and Social Change. European Planning Studies 9(7): 851-869.
Google Scholar
http://brandavenue.typepad.com/brand_avenue/2010/11/a-strong-green-brand.html. Accessed 10 December 2012.
Google Scholar
http://metropolitangovernanceforum.org. Accessed 16 April 2016.
Google Scholar
http://www.oresundskomiteen.org/en/about-us/vision-goals/. Accessed 18 April 2016.
Google Scholar
https://www.london.gov.uk/. Accessed 05 April 2016
Google Scholar
Innes, J. E.; Booher D. E. (1999). Metropolitan Development as a Complex System: A New Approach to Sustainability. Economic Development Quarterly 13 (2): 141-156.
Google Scholar
Communication from the Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment (SEC(2006) 16). Available at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/pl/TXT/?uri=CELEX: 52005DC0718. Accessed: 10 April 2016.
Google Scholar
Kreibich, R. (1996). Sustainable development. Vision for the future of business and society (Nachhaltige Entwicklung. Leitbild für die Zukunft von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft). Weinheim, Basel: Beltz Verlag.
Google Scholar
Leipzig Charter on Sustainable European Cities (2007). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/regional_policy/ archive/themes/urban/leipzig_charter.pdf. Accessed 12 April 2016.
Google Scholar
Low, N.; Gleeson, B; Elander, I; Lidskog, R. (2000). Consuming Cities: The Urban Environment in the Global Economy after the Rio Declaration, London, New York: Routledge.
Google Scholar
Markowski, T.; Marszał, T. (2006). Metropolie. Obszary metropolitalne. Metropolizacja. Problemy i pojęcia podstawowe (Metropolises. Metropolitan areas. Metropolization. Problems and basic concepts). Warszawa: KPZK PAN.
Google Scholar
Mayor of London. (2015). The London Plan. The Spatial Development Strategy for London Consolidated with Alterations since 2011. London: Greater London Authority.
Google Scholar
McManus, P. (2005). Vortex cities to sustainable cities: Australia's urban challenge. Sydney: UNSW Press.
Google Scholar
Næss, P. (2001). Urban Planning and Sustainable Development. European Planning Studies 9(4): 503-524.
Google Scholar
OECD (2001). Cities for Citizens: Improving Metropolitan Governance. Paris.
Google Scholar
OECD (2003). OECD Territorial Reviews: Oresund, Denmark/Sweden. Available at: http://www.keepeek.com/ Digital-Asset-Management/oecd/urban-rural-and-regional-development/oecd-territorial-reviews-oresunddenmark-sweden-2003_9789264100800-en#page6. Accessed 12 March 2016.
Google Scholar
OECD (2012). OECD Report on Measuring the Potential of Local Green Growth. An Analysis of Greater Copenhagen.
Google Scholar
Öresundskomiteen (2010). Öresund Regional Development Strategy. Available at: http://www.oresundskomiteen.org/ wp-content/uploads/2012/02/ORUS_EN.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2013.
Google Scholar
Schmitt, P.; Harbo, L. G.; Lehto, V. (2011). An Actor-oriented Survey of Territorial Governance Systems in the Nordic Capital Regions. Nordregio Working Paper 6.
Google Scholar
The Capital Region of Denmark (2013). About the Capital Region of Denmark. Copenhagen.
Google Scholar
The Capital Region of Denmark (2015). Greater Copenhagen - Regional growth and development strategy. Copenhagen.
Google Scholar
Turner, G.; Foran, B. (2008). Resource Consumption and Resource Depletion. In: Newton, P. (ed.). Transitions: Pathways Towards Sustainable Urban Development in Australia: 35-55. Collingwood: CSIRO.
Google Scholar
UK PRESIDENCY (2005). Bristol Accord. Conclusions of Ministerial Informal on Sustainable Communities in Europe. Available at: http://www.eib.org/attachments/jessica_bristol_accord_sustainable_communities.pdf. Accessed 14 April 2016.
Google Scholar
UN-HABITAT (1996). The Habitat Agenda Goals and Principles, Commitments and the Global Plan of Action.
Google Scholar
UN-HABITAT (2002). Global Campaign on Urban Governance, Concept Paper. Nairobi.
Google Scholar
Yaro, R. D.; Ronderos, L. N. (2011). International metropolitan governance: Typology, Case Studies and Recommendations. World Bank Group
Google Scholar
Zhao, P. (2010). Sustainable urban expansion and transportation in a growing megacity: consequences of urban sprawl for mobility on the urban fringe of Beijing. Habitat International 34(2): 236–243.
Google Scholar
