https://doi.org/10.25167/FF/5650
The aim of this paper was to analyze the relationship between self-compassion and forgiveness, as well as the moderating role of contextual factors in this relationship among divorced adults. The sample consisted of 169 divorcees (114 females, 54 males) aged 26–64 (M=39.16, SD=7.88). The Self-Compassion Scale, the Decision to Forgive Scale, the Emotional Forgiveness Scale were used in the study. The study revealed significant associations between multidimensional self-compassion and emotional, but not decisional, forgiveness. Self-compassion positively predicted reduction of negative emotions, but not presence of positive regard toward an ex-spouse. None of the contextual factors moderated the self-compassion-forgiveness link, though they were related to forgiveness. Being a man, the non-initiator status, having a new partner, longer time since divorce, receiving more apology and having a better relationship with an ex-spouse positively predicted all types of forgiveness. For less severe transgressions, self-compassion was significantly and negatively related to decisional forgiveness.
Download files
Licence
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
References
Allen, A. B., Barton, J., and Stevenson, O. (2015) ‘Presenting a self-compassionate image after an interpersonal transgression’, Self and Identity, 14(1), pp. 33–50. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.946958.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2014.946958
Google Scholar
Amato, P. R. (2000) ‘The consequences of divorce for adults and children’, Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), pp. 1269–1287. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.17413737.2000.01269.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2000.01269.x
Google Scholar
Beyens, U. et al. (2015) ‘The strength of a remorseful heart: psychological and neural basis of how apology emolliates reactive aggression and promotes forgiveness’, Frontiers in Psychology, 6, pp. 1–16. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01611.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01611
Google Scholar
Bonach, K. (2009) ‘Empirical support for the application of the Forgiveness Intervention Model to post-divorce co-parenting’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 50, pp. 38–54. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502550802365631.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502550802365631
Google Scholar
Bonach, K., and Sales, E. (2002) ‘Forgiveness as a mediator between post divorce cognitive processes and coparenting quality’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 38(1–2), pp. 17–38. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v38n01_02.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v38n01_02
Google Scholar
Tedeschi, R. G., and Calhoun, L. G. (1996) ‘The Posttraumatic Growth Inventory: Measuring the positive legacy of trauma’, Journal of Traumatic Stress, 9(3), pp. 455–471. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02103658
Google Scholar
Charzyńska, E. (2015) ‘Sex differences in spiritual coping, forgiveness, and gratitude before and after a basic alcohol addiction treatment program’, Journal of Religion and Health, 54(5), pp. 1931–1949. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0002-0.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-015-0002-0
Google Scholar
Cheung, G. W., and Lau, R. S. (2008) ‘Testing mediation and suppression effects of latent variables: Bootstrapping with structural equation models’, Organizational Research Methods, 11(2), pp. 296–325. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428107300343.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428107300343
Google Scholar
Crocker, J., and Canevello, A. (2008) ‘Creating and undermining social support in communal relationships: The role of compassionate and self-image goals’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95(3), pp. 555–575. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.555.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.95.3.555
Google Scholar
Davis, D. E. et al. (2015) ‘Making a decision to forgive’, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 62, pp.280–288. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000054.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000054
Google Scholar
DiBlasio, F. A. (1998) ‘The use of a decision‐based forgiveness intervention within intergenerational family therapy’, Journal of Family Therapy, 20(1), pp. 77–96. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00069.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6427.00069
Google Scholar
Dzwonkowska, I. (2011) ‘Współczucie wobec samego siebie (self-compassion) jako moderator wpływu samooceny globalnej na afektywne funkcjonowanie ludzi [Self-compassion as moderator of the effects of global self-esteem on affective functioning of people]’, Psychologia Społeczna, 6(16), pp. 49–66.
Google Scholar
Fahimdanesh, F., Noferesti, A., and Tavakol, K. (2020) ‘Self-Compassion and Forgiveness: Major Predictors of Marital Satisfaction in Young Couples’, The American Journal of Family Therapy, 48(3), pp. 221–234. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2019.1708832
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2019.1708832
Google Scholar
Fincham, F. D. (2000) ‘The kiss of the porcupines: From attributing responsibility to forgiving’, Personal Relationships, 7, pp. 1–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00001.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2000.tb00001.x
Google Scholar
Fincham, F. D. (2009) ‘Forgiveness: Integral to a science of close relationships?’, in M. Mikulincer and P. Shaver (eds) Prosocial motives, emotions, and behavior: The better angels of our nature. Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 347–365.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/12061-018
Google Scholar
Fincham, F. D., and Beach, S. R. (2002) ‘Forgiveness in marriage: Implications for psychological aggression and constructive communication’, Personal Relationships, 9, pp. 239–251. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00016.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00016
Google Scholar
Fincham, F. D., Paleari, F. G., and Regalia, C. (2002) ‘Forgiveness in marriage: The role of relationship quality, attributions, and empathy’, Personal Relationships, 9(1), pp. 27–37. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00002.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6811.00002
Google Scholar
Flanagan, K. S., Vanden Hoek, K. K., Ranter, J. M., and Reich, H. A. (2012) ‘The potential of forgiveness as a response for coping with negative peer experiences’, Journal of adolescence, 35(5), pp. 1215–1223. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.004.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.04.004
Google Scholar
Forster, D. E. et al. (2021) ‘Experimental evidence that apologies promote forgiveness by communicating relationship value’, Scientific Reports, 11(1), pp. 1–14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92373-y.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-92373-y
Google Scholar
Gordon, K. C., Baucom, D. H. and Snyder, D. K. (2005) ‘Forgiveness in couples: Divorce, infidelity, and marital therapy’, in E. L. Worthington (ed) Handbook of Forgiveness. New York: Routledge, pp. 407–421.
Google Scholar
Gürmen, M. S. et al. (2017) ‘Divorced yet still together: ongoing personal relationship and co-parenting among divorced parents’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 58(8), pp. 645–660. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2017.1355172.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2017.1355172
Google Scholar
Hald, G. M. et al. (2020a) ‘Anxiety, depression and associated factors among recently divorced individuals’, Journal of Mental Health, pp. 1–9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1755022.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2020.1755022
Google Scholar
Hald, G. M. et al. (2020b) ‘“Divorce burnout” among recently divorced individuals’, Stress and Health, 36(4), pp. 457–468. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2940.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2940
Google Scholar
Hayes, A. F. (2018) Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
Google Scholar
Heintzelman, A. et al. (2014) ‘Recovery from infidelity: Differentiation of self, trauma, forgiveness, and posttraumatic growth among couples in continuing relationships’, Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, 3(1), pp. 13–29. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000016.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cfp0000016
Google Scholar
Hook, J. N. et al. (2012) ‘Collectivistic self-construal and forgiveness’, Counseling and Values, 57, pp. 109–124. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2012.00012.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2012.00012.x
Google Scholar
Joseph, S., and Linley, P. A. (2005) ‘Positive adjustment to threatening events: An organismic valuing theory of growth through adversity’, Review of General Psychology, 9(3), pp. 262–280. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.262.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.9.3.262
Google Scholar
Kaleta, K. and Mróz, J. (2018) ‘Forgiveness and life satisfaction across different age groups in adults’, Personality and Individual Differences, 120, pp. 17–23. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.008.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.008
Google Scholar
Kaleta, K. and Mróz, J. (2021) ‘The effect of apology on emotional and decisional forgiveness: The role of personality’, Personality and Individual Differences, 168, p. 110310. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110310.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110310
Google Scholar
Kaleta, K. and Mróz, J. (2022) ‘Gender differences in forgiveness and its affective correlates’, Journal of Religion and Health, 61(4), pp. 2819–2837. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01369-5.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01369-5
Google Scholar
Kaleta, K. and Mróz, J. (2023) ‘Posttraumatic Growth and Subjective Well-Being in Men and Women after Divorce: The Mediating and Moderating Roles of Self-Esteem’, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), p. 3864. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053864.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053864
Google Scholar
Karremans, J. C. T. M., and van Lange, P. A. M. (2008) ‘From “me” to “we”: Does forgiveness enhance cognitive interdependence?’, Self and Identity, 7, pp. 75–88. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860601182435.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860601182435
Google Scholar
Karremans, J. C. et al. (2020) ‘Is mindfulness associated with interpersonal forgiveness?’, Emotion, 20(2), pp. 296–310. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000552.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0000552
Google Scholar
Kirchhoff, J., Wagner, U., and Strack, M. (2012) ‘Apologies: Words of magic? The role of verbal components, anger reduction, and offence severity’, Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 18, pp. 109–130. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028092.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/a0028092
Google Scholar
Kjeld, S. G. et al. (2020) ‘Friend or foe? Postdivorce hostility among recently divorced individuals’, Aggressive Behavior, 46(6), pp. 523–534. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21918.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21918
Google Scholar
Kołodziej-Zaleska, A., and Przybyła-Basista, H. (2020) ‘The Role of Ego-Resiliency in Maintaining Post-divorce Well-being in Initiators and Non-Initiators of Divorce’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 61(5), pp. 366–383. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2020.1768487.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2020.1768487
Google Scholar
Koutsos, P., Wertheim, E. H., and Kornblum, J. (2008) ‘Paths to interpersonal forgiveness: The roles of personality, disposition to forgive and contextual factors in predicting forgiveness following a specific offence’, Personality and Individual Differences, 44, pp. 337–348. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.011.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2007.08.011
Google Scholar
Lamela, D. et al. (2014) ‘Psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the posttraumatic growth inventory short form among divorced adults’, European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 30(1), pp. 3–14. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000161.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000161
Google Scholar
Lamela, D., Figueiredo, B., and Bastos, A. (2018) ‘A moderated cumulative model of personality adjustment in divorced adults: implications for counselling’ British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 46(6), pp. 679–693. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2017.1335854.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2017.1335854
Google Scholar
Li, S. et al. (2021) ‘The influence of relationship closeness and desire for forgiveness on interpersonal forgiveness’, International Journal of Psychophysiology, 167, pp. 38–46. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.009.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.06.009
Google Scholar
Longe, O. et al. (2009) ‘Having a word with yourself: Neural correlates of self-criticism and self-reassurance’, NeuroImage, 49, pp. 1849–1856. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.019
Google Scholar
Lundahl, B. W. et al. (2008) ‘Process-based forgiveness interventions: A meta-analytic review’, Research on Social Work Practice, 18(5), pp. 465–478. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731507313979.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1049731507313979
Google Scholar
MacBeth, A., and Gumley, A. (2012) ‘Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology’, Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), pp. 545–552. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003
Google Scholar
Mazor, A., Batiste-Hare, P., and Gampel, Y. (1998) ‘Divorcing spouses’ coping patterns, attachment bonding and forgiveness processes in the post-divorce experience’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 29(3–4), pp. 65–81. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v29n03_04.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v29n03_04
Google Scholar
McCullough, M. E. (2000) ‘Forgiveness as human strength: Theory, measurement, and links to well-being’, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19(1), pp. 43–55. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.43.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2000.19.1.43
Google Scholar
McCullough, M. E., Fincham, F. D., and Tsang, J. A. (2003) ‘Forgiveness, forbearance, and time: the temporal unfolding of transgression-related interpersonal motivations’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), pp. 540–557. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.540.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.3.540
Google Scholar
McCullough, M. E. et al. (1998) ‘Interpersonal forgiving in close relationships: II. Theoretical elaboration and measurement’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(6), pp. 1586–1603. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.75.6.1586.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.75.6.1586
Google Scholar
McCullough, M. E. and Witvliet, C. V. O. (2002) ‘The psychology of forgiveness’, in C. R. Snyder and S. Lopez (eds) Handbook of Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 446–458.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195135336.003.0032
Google Scholar
Mullet, E., and Girard, M. (2000) ‘Developmental and cognitive points of view on forgiveness’, in M. E. McCullough and K. I. Pargament (eds) Forgiveness: Theory, research, and practice. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 111–132.
Google Scholar
Miyagawa, Y., and Taniguchi, J. (2020) ‘Self-compassion helps people forgive transgressors: Cognitive pathways of interpersonal transgressions’, Self and Identity, pp. 1–13. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2020.1862904.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2020.1862904
Google Scholar
Mróz, J, and Kaleta, K. (2017) ‘Cognitive and emotional predictors of episodic and dispositional forgiveness’, Polish Psychological Bulletin, 48(2), pp. 143–153. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2017-0018.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2017-0018
Google Scholar
Mróz, J, and Kaleta, K. (2020) ‘Decisional and emotional forgiveness: Adaptation of DTFS and EFS in a Polish sample’, Current Psychology, pp. 1–9. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00838-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00838-6
Google Scholar
Neff, K. D. (2003a) ‘Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion’, Self and Identity, 2(3), pp. 223–250. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
Google Scholar
Neff, K. D. (2003b) ‘Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself’, Self and Identity, 2(2), pp. 85–102. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
Google Scholar
Neff, K. D., and Beretvas, S. N. (2013) ‘The role of self-compassion in romantic relationships’, Self and Identity, 12(1), pp. 78–98. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.639548.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.639548
Google Scholar
Neff, K. D., and Germer, C. K. (2013) ‘A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self‐compassion program’, Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), pp. 28–44. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923
Google Scholar
Neff, K. D., and Pommier, E. (2013) ‘The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators’, Self and Identity, 12(2), pp. 160–176. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649546.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649546
Google Scholar
Neff, K. D. et al. (2016) ‘Compassion, well-being, and the hypo-egoic self’, in K.W. Brown and M.R. Leary (eds) Oxford handbook of hypo-egoic phenomena: Theory and research on the quiet ego. New York: Oxford University Press, pp.189–202.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328079.013.13
Google Scholar
Pauley, G., and McPherson, S. (2010) ‘The experience and meaning of compassion and self-compassion for individuals with depression or anxiety’, Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 83, pp. 129–143. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1348/147608309X471000.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1348/147608309X471000
Google Scholar
Pelucchi, S. et al. (2017) ‘Self-forgiveness within couple transgressions’, in L. Woodyatt, M. Wenzel, and B. J. Griffin (eds) Handbook of the psychology of self-forgiveness. Springer, pp. 115–130.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60573-9_9
Google Scholar
Piątek, M. (2011) ‘Przebaczenie w doświadczeniu życiowym kobiet i mężczyzn [Forgiveness in the life experience of women and men]’, Nowiny Lekarskie, 80, pp. 317–322.
Google Scholar
Reed, G. L., and Enright, R. D. (2006) ‘The effects of forgiveness therapy on depression, anxiety, and posttraumatic stress for women after spousal emotional abuse’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74(5), pp. 920–929. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.920.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.74.5.920
Google Scholar
Riek, B. M., and Mania, E. W. (2012) ‘The antecedents and consequences of interpersonal forgiveness: A meta-analytic review’, Personal Relationships, 19, pp. 304–325. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01363.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6811.2011.01363.x
Google Scholar
Rohde-Brown, J., and Rudestam, K. E. (2011) ‘The role of forgiveness in divorce adjustment and the impact of affect’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 52(2), pp. 109–124. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2011.546233.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2011.546233
Google Scholar
Roxas, M. M., David, A. P., and Caligner, E. C. (2014) ‘Examining the relation of compassion and forgiveness among Filipino counselors’, Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), pp. 53–62.
Google Scholar
Rye, M. S. (2010) ‘Forgiveness as a way of coping following divorce’, in M. R. Maamri, N. Verbin, and E. L. Worthington (eds) A Journey through Forgiveness. Brill, pp. 119–130.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9781848880481_014
Google Scholar
Rye, M. S. et al. (2012) ‘Evaluation of an intervention designed to help divorced parents forgive their ex-spouse’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 53(3), pp. 231–245. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.663275.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2012.663275
Google Scholar
Rye, M. S. et al. (2004) ‘Forgiveness of an ex-spouse: How does it relate to mental health following a divorce?’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 41(3–4), pp. 31–51. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v41n03_02.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v41n03_02
Google Scholar
Rye, M. S. et al. (2005) ‘Can group interventions facilitate forgiveness of an ex-spouse? A randomized clinical trial’, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(5), pp. 880–892. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.880.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.5.880
Google Scholar
Sakraida, T. J. (2005) ‘Common themes in the divorce transition experience of midlife women’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 43(1–2), pp. 69–88. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v43n01_04.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1300/J087v43n01_04
Google Scholar
Sander, S. et al. (2020) ‘When Love Hurts-Mental and Physical Health Among Recently Divorced Danes’, Frontiers in Psychology, 11, pp. 1–11. Available at: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578083.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.578083
Google Scholar
Sbarra, D. A., Smith, H. L., and Mehl, M. R. (2012) ‘When leaving your Ex, love yourself: Observational ratings of self-compassion predict the course of emotional recovery following marital separation’, Psychological Science, 23(3), pp. 261–269. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611429466.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611429466
Google Scholar
Schramm, D. G. et al. (2018) ‘An empirically based framework for content selection and management in divorce education programs’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 59(3), pp. 195–221. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797611429466.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2017.1402656
Google Scholar
Staudinger, U. M., and Kunzmann, U. (2005) ‘Positive adult personality development: Adjustment and/or growth?’, European Psychologist, 10(4), pp. 320–329. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.10.4.320.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.10.4.320
Google Scholar
Steiner, L. M. et al. (2011) ‘Effect of age, initiator status, and infidelity on women’s divorce adjustment’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 52(1), pp. 33–47. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2011.534394.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2011.534394
Google Scholar
Strizzi, J. M. et al. (2021) ‘Divorce is stressful, but how stressful? Perceived stress among recently divorced Danes’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, pp. 1–17. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2021.1871838.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502556.2021.1871838
Google Scholar
Tabak, B. A. et al. (2012) ‘Conciliatory gestures facilitate forgiveness and feelings of friendship by making transgressors appear more agreeable’, Journal of Personality, 80, pp. 503–536. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00728.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00728.x
Google Scholar
Thompson, L. Y. et al. (2005) ‘Dispositional forgiveness of self, others, and situations’, Journal of Personality, 73, pp. 313–359. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00311.x
Google Scholar
Tsang, J. A., McCullough, M. E., and Fincham, F. D. (2006) ‘The longitudinal association between forgiveness and relationship closeness and commitment’, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 25(4), pp. 448–472. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.4.448.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2006.25.4.448
Google Scholar
Wibowo, M. E., and Naini, R. (2021) ‘Self-Compassion and Forgiveness among Senior High School Students: A Correlational and Comparative Study’, Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 4(1), pp. 91–97.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25217/igcj.v4i1.1370
Google Scholar
Willén, H. (2015) ‘Challenges for divorced parents: Regulating negative emotions in post‐divorce relationships’, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 36(3), pp. 356–370. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1115.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/anzf.1115
Google Scholar
Worthington, E. L. (2019) ‘Understanding forgiveness of other people: definitions, theories, and processes’, in E. L. Worthington (ed.) Handbook of forgiveness. Definitions, Theories, and Processes. New York: Routledge, pp. 11–21.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351123341-2
Google Scholar
Worthington, E. L., and Scherer, M. (2004) ‘Forgiveness is an emotion-focused coping strategy that can reduce health risks and promote health resilience: Theory, review, and hypotheses’, Psychology and Health, 19(3), pp. 385–405. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000196674.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0887044042000196674
Google Scholar
Worthington Jr, E. L., Witvliet, C. V. O., Pietrini, P., & Miller, A. J. (2007). Forgiveness, health, and well-being: A review of evidence for emotional versus decisional forgiveness, dispositional forgivingness, and reduced unforgiveness. Journal of behavioral medicine, 30(4), 291–302. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9105-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9105-8
Google Scholar
Wu, Q. et al. (2019) ‘Roles of anger and rumination in the relationship between self-compassion and forgiveness’, Mindfulness, 10(2), pp. 272–278. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0971-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-0971-7
Google Scholar
Visser, M. et al. (2017) ‘I’ll never forgive you: High conflict divorce, social network, and co-parenting conflicts’, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(11), pp. 3055–3066. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0821-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-017-0821-6
Google Scholar
Yarnell, L. M., and Neff, K. D. (2013) ‘Self-compassion, interpersonal conflict resolutions, and well-being’, Self and Identity, 12(2), pp. 146–159. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649545.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649545
Google Scholar
Yárnoz-Yaben, S. (2015) ‘Forgiveness, adjustment to divorce and support from the former spouse in Spain’, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2), pp. 289–297. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9835-x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-013-9835-x
Google Scholar
Yárnoz-Yaben, S. (2009) ‘Forgiveness, attachment, and divorce’, Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 50(4), pp. 282–294. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502550902775952.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10502550902775952
Google Scholar
Yárnoz-Yaben, S., Garmendia, A., and Comino, P. (2016) ‘Looking at the bright side: Forgiveness and subjective well-being in divorced Spanish parents’, Journal of Happiness Studies, 17(5), pp. 1905–1919. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9677-x.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-015-9677-x
Google Scholar
Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., and Garbade, S. (2015) ‘The relationship between self‐compassion and well‐being: A meta‐analysis’, Applied Psychology: Health and Well‐Being, 7(3), pp. 340–364. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051
Google Scholar
Zhang, J. W., and Chen, S. (2016) ‘Self-compassion promotes personal improvement from regret experiences via acceptance’, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42(2), pp. 244–258. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215623271.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215623271
Google Scholar
English
Język Polski
Deutsch
