Acquiring courage to face the truth: shifts in attitudes toward child sexual abuse
Slávka Karkošková
Judicial Academy of the Slovak RepublicAbstrakt
In science, culture and morality, from a historical point of view, we can see gradual changes in attitudes toward the child sexual abuse phenomenon. While by the end of the 19th
and the beginning of the 20th century scholars as well as laypeople had a strong tendency to deny and minimize this socio-pathological phenomenon, by the end of the 20th century,
thanks to scientific progress and public awareness raising, the society began to accept the cruel truth about child sexual abuse. This topic is no longer such a big taboo and people
are able to speak more openly about it (especially through the media, social networks and nongovernmental organizations). Readiness to act – the courage to intervene, help victims
and hold perpetrators accountable – is also changing.
Bibliografia
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BAYS, J., CHADWICK, D. (1993). Medical diagnosis of the sexually abused child. Child abuse and neglect 17(1), 91–110.
BENTON, T.R., ROSS, D.F., BRADSHAW, E., THOMAS, W.N., BRADSHAW, G. S. (2006). Eyewitness Memory is Still Not Common Sense: Comparing Jurors, Judges and Law Enforcement to Eyewitness Experts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(1), 115–129.
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BUCK, J.A., WARREN, A.R., BRUCK, M., KUEHNLE, K. (2014). How Common is “Common Knowledge” about Child Witnesses among Legal Professionals? Comparing Interviewers, Public Defenders, and Forensic Psychologists with Laypeople. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 32(6), 867–883.
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CHEIT, R.E FREYD, J.J. (2005). Let’s have an honest fight against child sex abuse. Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter 21(6), 8.
COHEN, T. (2003). Child sexual abuse: social attitudes and professional questions. Paper presented at the 9th ISPCAN European Conference on CAN: Promoting Interdisciplinary Approaches to Child Protection, Warsaw – Poland, August 29–31, 2003.
COKER, A.L. et al. (2011). Evaluation of green dot: An active bystander intervention to reduce sexual violence on college campuses. Violence Against Women, published on June 2, 2011.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. (2012). One in Five: Council of Europe campaign to stop sexual violence against children. http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/children/1in5/Source/Campaign%20outline_28042012_en.pdf.
EVERSON, M.D., SANDOVAL, J.M. (2011). Forensic child sexual abuse evaluations: Assessing subjectivity and bias in professional judgements. Child Abuse & Neglect 35 (2011), 287–298.
FALLER, K.C. (2015). Forty Years of Forensic Interviewing of Children Suspected of Sexual Abuse, 1974–2014: Historical Benchmarks. Social Sciences 4, 34–65.
FINKELHOR, D. (1982). Sexual abuse: A sociological perspective. Child Abuse and Neglect 6, 95.
FRENCH, C.C., OST, J. (2016). Beliefs About Memory, Childhood Abuse, and Hypnosis Among Clinicians, Legal Professionals, and the General Public. In: Ros Burnett (ed), Wrongful Allegations of Sexual and Child Abuse Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 143–154.
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HOUSTON, K.A., HOPE, L., MEMON, A., Don READ, J. (2013). Expert Testimony on Eyewitness Evidence: In Search of Common Sense. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 31: 637–651.
HOYANO, L., KEENAN, C. (2010). Child Abuse: Law and Policy Across Boundaries. New York: Oxford University Press, USA.
KARKOŠKOVÁ, S. (2015). Sexuálne zneužívanie detí: vzorce kontraintuitívnych reakcií obetí. (Child Sexual Abuse: Victims’ Counterintuitive Reaction Patterns.) In: HULLOVÁ, M. (ed.). Collection of scientific studies and expert articles from the international virtual scientific conference on the topic Moral Crime as a Social Phenomenon and Possibilities to Control It. Bratislava: Police Academy, 190–205.
KENDALL-TACKETT, K. et al. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin 113(1), 164–80.
LANYON, R. (1986). Theory and treatment of child molestation. Journal of Consulting and clinical psychology 54, 176–182.
LEGAULT, E., LAURENCE, J.R. (2007). Recalled memories of CSA: Social work, psychology and psychiatric reports of beliefs, practices, and cases. Australian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypothesis, 35(2), 111–133.
MAGNUSSEN, S., MELINDER, A.M.D., STRIDBECK, U., RAJA, A.Q (2010). Beliefs about factors affecting the reliability of eyewitness memory: A comparison of judges, jurors and the general public. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(1), 122–133.
MILLER, A. (1986). Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society’s Betrayal of the Child. New York: Meridian Books.
O’DONNELL, R. a WENKE, D. (eds.). (2017). European Barnahus Quality Standards: Guidance for Multidisciplinary and Interagency Response to Child Victims and Witnesses of Violence. Council of the Baltic Sea States Secretariat and Child Circle, The PROMISE Project series, ISBN 978-91-980572-9-4. Available online: http://www.childrenatrisk.eu/promise/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PROMISE-European-Barnahus-Quality-Standards.pdf
POOLE, D.A. (2016). Interviewing children: The science of conversation in forensic contexts. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
ROSSETTI, S.J. (1990). Slayer of the Soul: Child Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church. Mystic, Connecticut: Twenty-Third Publications.
ROSSETTI, S.J. (1996). A Tragic Grace: The Catholic Church and Child Sexual Abuse. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press.
RUBIN, D.C., BERNTSEN, D. (2007). People Believe it is Plausible to Have Forgotten Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse’. Psychonomic Bulletin Review. 14(4), 776–778.
SGROI, S.M. (2000). Discovery, reporting, investigation, and prosecution of child sexual abuse. Sciecus Report 29(1), 5–6.
BAYS, J., CHADWICK, D. (1993). Medical diagnosis of the sexually abused child. Child abuse and neglect 17(1), 91–110.
BENTON, T.R., ROSS, D.F., BRADSHAW, E., THOMAS, W.N., BRADSHAW, G. S. (2006). Eyewitness Memory is Still Not Common Sense: Comparing Jurors, Judges and Law Enforcement to Eyewitness Experts. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 20(1), 115–129.
BRUCK, M., CECI, S.J., HEMBROOKE, H. (1998). Reliability and credibility of young children’s reports. From research to policy and practice. American Psychologist, 53, 136–151.
BUCK, J.A., WARREN, A.R., BRUCK, M., KUEHNLE, K. (2014). How Common is “Common Knowledge” about Child Witnesses among Legal Professionals? Comparing Interviewers, Public Defenders, and Forensic Psychologists with Laypeople. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 32(6), 867–883.
CALVERT, J.F., MUNSIE-BENSON, M. (1999). Public Opinion and Knowledge about Childhood Sexual Abuse in a Rural Community. Child Abuse & Neglect 23(7), 671–682.
CHEIT, R.E FREYD, J.J. (2005). Let’s have an honest fight against child sex abuse. Brown University Child & Adolescent Behavior Letter 21(6), 8.
COHEN, T. (2003). Child sexual abuse: social attitudes and professional questions. Paper presented at the 9th ISPCAN European Conference on CAN: Promoting Interdisciplinary Approaches to Child Protection, Warsaw – Poland, August 29–31, 2003.
COKER, A.L. et al. (2011). Evaluation of green dot: An active bystander intervention to reduce sexual violence on college campuses. Violence Against Women, published on June 2, 2011.
COUNCIL OF EUROPE. (2012). One in Five: Council of Europe campaign to stop sexual violence against children. http://www.coe.int/t/dg3/children/1in5/Source/Campaign%20outline_28042012_en.pdf.
EVERSON, M.D., SANDOVAL, J.M. (2011). Forensic child sexual abuse evaluations: Assessing subjectivity and bias in professional judgements. Child Abuse & Neglect 35 (2011), 287–298.
FALLER, K.C. (2015). Forty Years of Forensic Interviewing of Children Suspected of Sexual Abuse, 1974–2014: Historical Benchmarks. Social Sciences 4, 34–65.
FINKELHOR, D. (1982). Sexual abuse: A sociological perspective. Child Abuse and Neglect 6, 95.
FRENCH, C.C., OST, J. (2016). Beliefs About Memory, Childhood Abuse, and Hypnosis Among Clinicians, Legal Professionals, and the General Public. In: Ros Burnett (ed), Wrongful Allegations of Sexual and Child Abuse Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 143–154.
FREUD, S. (1896a). The Aetiology of Hysteria. Standard Edition 3, 189–221. In: James Strachey et al. (eds.). The Standard Edition of the Complete Works of Sigmund Freud, 24 volumes. London: The Hogart Press and the Institute of Psychoanalysis, 1953–74.
FREUD, S. (1986). The Complete Letters of Sigmund Freud to Wilhelm Fliess 1887–1904. Belknap Press.
GARRITY, S.E. (2011). Sexual assault prevention programs for college‐aged men: A critical evaluation. Journal of Forensic Nursing, 7(1), 40–48.
GIARDINO, A., FINKEL, M., GIARDINO, E. (eds.). (1992). A practical guide to the evaluation of sexual abuse in prepubertal child. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
GIDYCZ, C.A. et al. (2011). Preventing sexual aggression among college men: An evaluation of a social norms and bystander intervention program. Violence Against Women, 17(6), 720–742.
HOUSTON, K.A., HOPE, L., MEMON, A., Don READ, J. (2013). Expert Testimony on Eyewitness Evidence: In Search of Common Sense. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 31: 637–651.
HOYANO, L., KEENAN, C. (2010). Child Abuse: Law and Policy Across Boundaries. New York: Oxford University Press, USA.
KARKOŠKOVÁ, S. (2015). Sexuálne zneužívanie detí: vzorce kontraintuitívnych reakcií obetí. (Child Sexual Abuse: Victims’ Counterintuitive Reaction Patterns.) In: HULLOVÁ, M. (ed.). Collection of scientific studies and expert articles from the international virtual scientific conference on the topic Moral Crime as a Social Phenomenon and Possibilities to Control It. Bratislava: Police Academy, 190–205.
KENDALL-TACKETT, K. et al. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin 113(1), 164–80.
LANYON, R. (1986). Theory and treatment of child molestation. Journal of Consulting and clinical psychology 54, 176–182.
LEGAULT, E., LAURENCE, J.R. (2007). Recalled memories of CSA: Social work, psychology and psychiatric reports of beliefs, practices, and cases. Australian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Hypothesis, 35(2), 111–133.
MAGNUSSEN, S., MELINDER, A.M.D., STRIDBECK, U., RAJA, A.Q (2010). Beliefs about factors affecting the reliability of eyewitness memory: A comparison of judges, jurors and the general public. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(1), 122–133.
MILLER, A. (1986). Thou Shalt Not Be Aware: Society’s Betrayal of the Child. New York: Meridian Books.
O’DONNELL, R. a WENKE, D. (eds.). (2017). European Barnahus Quality Standards: Guidance for Multidisciplinary and Interagency Response to Child Victims and Witnesses of Violence. Council of the Baltic Sea States Secretariat and Child Circle, The PROMISE Project series, ISBN 978-91-980572-9-4. Available online: http://www.childrenatrisk.eu/promise/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/PROMISE-European-Barnahus-Quality-Standards.pdf
POOLE, D.A. (2016). Interviewing children: The science of conversation in forensic contexts. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
ROSSETTI, S.J. (1990). Slayer of the Soul: Child Sexual Abuse and the Catholic Church. Mystic, Connecticut: Twenty-Third Publications.
ROSSETTI, S.J. (1996). A Tragic Grace: The Catholic Church and Child Sexual Abuse. Collegeville, Minnesota: The Liturgical Press.
RUBIN, D.C., BERNTSEN, D. (2007). People Believe it is Plausible to Have Forgotten Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse’. Psychonomic Bulletin Review. 14(4), 776–778.
SGROI, S.M. (2000). Discovery, reporting, investigation, and prosecution of child sexual abuse. Sciecus Report 29(1), 5–6.
Karkošková, S. (2018). Acquiring courage to face the truth: shifts in attitudes toward child sexual abuse. Family Forum, 7, 169–182. https://doi.org/10.25167/FF/2017/169-182
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