Revolutionary Action Movement i genealogia radykalnego czarnego nacjonalizmu: od ruchu praw obywatelskich do internacjonalizmu trzecioświatowego

Sebastian Urbaniak

doi:10.25167/sk.6100

Veröffentlicht am: 2025-12-31

Nr. 14 (2025)

Revolutionary Action Movement i genealogia radykalnego czarnego nacjonalizmu: od ruchu praw obywatelskich do internacjonalizmu trzecioświatowego

Sebastian Urbaniak

Studia Krytyczne/Critical Studies

Rubrik: Temat numeru

https://doi.org/10.25167/sk.6100

Abstract

Artykuł analizuje genezę, działalność i ideologiczną ewolucję Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) — jednej z kluczowych, choć często pomijanych organizacji radykalnego czarnego ruchu wyzwoleńczego w Stanach Zjednoczonych. Autor ukazuje RAM jako łącznik między liberalnym ruchem praw obywatelskich a radykalnym nurtem Black Power, w którym doszło do syntezy marksizmu, czarnego nacjonalizmu i internacjonalizmu Trzeciego Świata. Powstałe w 1962 roku w środowisku studenckim Ohio Central State College RAM wyrosło z rozczarowania reformizmem NAACP i SCLC oraz z inspiracji myślą Malcolma X i Roberta F. Williamsa. Organizacja odrzuciła strategię non-violence, głosząc ideę rewolucyjnego nacjonalizmu i solidarności z antyimperialistycznymi ruchami Trzeciego Świata. Jej działalność — od kampanii edukacyjnych i protestów w Filadelfii po publikacje „Black America” i „Soulbook” — stanowiła intelektualne zaplecze dla przyszłych formacji, takich jak Black Panther Party. W centrum ideologii RAM znajdowało się przekonanie, że Afroamerykanie stanowią „naród w narodzie”, skolonizowany w ramach amerykańskiego kapitalizmu. Ich wyzwolenie wymagało rewolucji społecznej i kulturowej, łączącej walkę klasową z walką o samostanowienie. Inspiracje marksizmem, myślą Harolda Cruse’a, Frantza Fanona i Harry’ego Haywooda pozwoliły RAM stworzyć oryginalny model „czarnego internacjonalizmu”. Autor dowodzi, że mimo krótkiego istnienia RAM odegrało kluczową rolę w kształtowaniu nowoczesnego czarnego radykalizmu, łącząc antyrasizm z antykapitalizmem i antyimperializmem, a jego dziedzictwo pozostaje istotne dla współczesnych studiów nad dekolonializmem i teorią oporu.

Dateien herunterladen

PDF (Język Polski)

Zitierregeln

Urbaniak, S. (2025). Revolutionary Action Movement i genealogia radykalnego czarnego nacjonalizmu: od ruchu praw obywatelskich do internacjonalizmu trzecioświatowego. Studia Krytyczne/Critical Studies, (14), 29–50. https://doi.org/10.25167/sk.6100

Zitiert von / Teilen

Lizenz

Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung 4.0 International.

Literaturhinweise

Boggs, James. 1970. Racism and the Class Struggle: Further Pages from the Black Workers Notebook. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Google Scholar

Berger, Dan. 2009. The Republic of New Africa and National Liberation on U.S. Soil.” W New World Coming: The Sixties and the Shaping of Global Consciousness, redakcja K. Dubinsky, C. Krull, S. Lord et al. Toronto: Between the Lines.
Google Scholar

Carson, Clayborne. 1981. In Struggle: SNCC and the Black Awakening of the 1960s. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Google Scholar

Chatterjee, Partha. 1975. Local Leadership in Black Communities. School of Applied Social Sciences. Cleveland, Ohio: Case Western Reserve University.
Google Scholar

Cruse, Harold. 1968. Rebellion or Revolution? New York: William Morrow & Co..Davenport, Christian. 2005. “Understanding Covert Repression Action: The Case of the U.S. Government Against the Republic of New Africa”. Journal of Conflict Resolution 49 (1), 120-140.
Google Scholar

Dillard, Angela D. 2003. Religion and Radicalism: The Reverend Albert B. Cleage. Jr., and the Rise of Black Christian Nationalism in Detroit. W: Freedom North: Black Freedom Struggles Outside the South, 1940-1980, redakcja J.F. Theoharis, K.Woodard. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Google Scholar

Essien-Udom, E.U. 1962. Black Nationalism – A Search for an Identity in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Google Scholar

Ferguson Iyaluua. 2011. An Unlikely Warrior Herman Ferguson: Evolution of a Black
Google Scholar

Nationalist Revolutionary. Holy Springs, NC: Ferguson-Swan.
Google Scholar

Freeman, Donald. 1963. Black Youth and Afro-American Liberation”. Black America,
Google Scholar

-16.
Google Scholar

Georgakas, Dan; Surkin, Marvin. 1975. Detroit: I Do Mind Dying. New York: St. Martin’s
Google Scholar

Press.
Google Scholar

Hall, Glenwolyn, Haywood, Harry. 1965. “The Crisis and Growth of Negro Reformism
Google Scholar

and the Growth of Nationalism”. Soulbook, 203–207.
Google Scholar

Hall, Glenwolyn, Haywood, Harry. 1965-1966. “The Two Epochs of Nation-
Google Scholar

Development: Is Black Nationalism a Form of Classical Nationalism?”. Soulbook 4, 257–266.
Google Scholar

Hall, Glenwolyn, Haywood, Harry. 1966. “Is the Black Bourgeoisie the Leader of the
Google Scholar

Black Liberation Movement?”. Soulbook 5, 70–75.
Google Scholar

Hall, Glenwolyn, Haywood, Harry. 1967. “The Nation of Islam: An Estimate.” Soulbook
Google Scholar

, 137–144.
Google Scholar

Harlem Branch of the Progressive Labor Party. 1965. The Plot against Black America.
Google Scholar

New York: brak wydawcy.
Google Scholar

Hogan, Wesley C. 2007. Many Minds, One Heart: SNCC’s Dream for a New America.
Google Scholar

Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Google Scholar

Hutchinson Earl O. 1970. The Black Book, Radical Education Project. Michigan: Ann
Google Scholar

Arbor.
Google Scholar

Kelley, Robin D.G.; Esch, Betsy. 2008. “Black Like Mao: Red China and Black
Google Scholar

Revolution”. W Afro Asia: Revolutionary Political & Cultural Connections Between African
Google Scholar

Americans & Asian Americans, redakcja F.Ho, B.V. Mullen. Durham-London: Duke University
Google Scholar

Press.
Google Scholar

Kelley, Robin D.G. 2002. Freedom Dreams: The Black Radical Imagination. Boston:
Google Scholar

Beacon Press.
Google Scholar

Lee, Mattias. 1996. The Nation of Islam: An American Millenarian Movement. New
Google Scholar

York: Syracuse University Press.
Google Scholar

Malloy Sean L. 2007. Out of Oakland. Black Panther Internationalism During the Cold
Google Scholar

War. Ithaca-London: Cornell University Press.
Google Scholar

Mao Tse-tung. 1963. “Statement Supporting the Afro-American in Their Just Struggle
Google Scholar

Against Racial Discrimination by U.S. Imperialism”. Data dostępu: 20 grudnia 2025 r.
Google Scholar

https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1966/PR1966-33h.htm.
Google Scholar

Mao Tse-tung. 1968. “Statement in Support of the Afro-American Struggle Against
Google Scholar

Violent Repression”. Data dostępu: 20 grudnia 2025 r.
Google Scholar

https://www.freedomarchives.org/Documents/Finder/Black%20Liberation%20Disk/ Black%20Power!/SugahData/Books/Mao.S.pdf.
Google Scholar

Matusow, Allen J. 1971. “From Civil Rights to Black Power: The Case of SNCC, 1960–1966”. W Conflict and Competition: Studies in the Recent Black Protest Movement, redakcja J.H.
Google Scholar

Bracey, A. Meier, E. Rudwick. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing.48
Google Scholar

Matusow, Allen J. 1969. “From Civil Right to Black Power: The Case of SNCC 1960–1966”. W Twentieth-Century America: Recent Interpretations. New York.
Google Scholar

Meier, August; Rudwick, Elliott. 1981. Black Detroit and the Rise of the UAW. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Google Scholar

Morrow, John A. 2019. Finding W.D. Fard: Unveiling the Identity of the Founder of the Nation of Islam. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Google Scholar

RAM. 1966. The Struggle for Black State Power in the U.S.
Google Scholar

RAM. 1964. 12 Point Program of the Revolutionary Action Movement.
Google Scholar

RAM. 1965. “The African American War of National Liberation”. Black America, 4.
Google Scholar

Robinson Cedric J. 2000. Black Marxism. The Making of the Black Radical Tradition.Chapel Hill-London: The University of North Carolina Press.
Google Scholar

Sales, William. 1994. From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity. Boston: South End Press.
Google Scholar

Sellers, Cleveland; Terrell, Robert. 1990. The River of No Return: The Autobiography of a Black Militant and the Life and Death of SNCC. Jackson-London: University Press of Mississippi.
Google Scholar

Snellings Ron. 1965. “Afro American Youth and the Bandung World”. Liberator 5 (2).
Google Scholar

Spellman, A.B. 1965. “The Legacy of Malcolm X”. Liberator 5 (6), 13.
Google Scholar

Stanford, Max. 2007. We Will Return in the Whirlwind: Black Radical Organizations 1960–1975.
Google Scholar

Stanford, Max. Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM): Case Study of an Urban Revolutionary Movement in Western Capitalist Society. MA thesis. Atlanta: Atlanta University.
Google Scholar

Stanford, Max. 1970. “Black Guerrilla Warfare: Strategy and Tactics”. The Black Scholar 2 (3), 30–38.
Google Scholar

Stanford Max. 1965. “Revolutionary Nationalism and the Afroamerican Student”.Liberator.
Google Scholar

Stanford Max. 1963. “As Others See It: New Group Blasts White Power Block”.Muhammed Speaks.
Google Scholar

Taylor, Ula Yvette. 2017. The Promise of Patriarchy: Women and the Nation of Islam. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press.
Google Scholar

Thompson, Heather Ann. 2001. Whose Detroit? Politics, Labor, and Race in a Modern American City. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Tripp, Luke. 1994. “Black Working Class Radicalism in Detroit, 1960-1970”. Ethnic and Women's Studies Working Papers 7. Dostęp online: 20 grudnia 2025 r.https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/ews_wps/7/.
Google Scholar

Urbaniak, Sebastian. 2025. Filozofia społeczna ruchu Black Power: między nacjonalizmem a marksizmem. Warszawa: PWN.
Google Scholar

Wendt, Simon. 2007. The Spirit and the Shotgun: Armed Resistance and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Gainesville: University Press of Florida.
Google Scholar

Wendt, Simon. 2004. “Urge People Not to Carry Guns’: Armed Self-Defense in the Louisiana Civil Rights Movement and the Radicalization of the Congress of Racial Equality”. Louisiana History, 45.
Google Scholar

Williams, Robert F. 1964-1965. „USA: The Potential of a Minority Revolution”. The Crusader Monthly Newsletter, 5 (4), 7 (1).
Google Scholar

Williams, Robert F. 1965. “Urban Guerrilla Warfare”. Revolutionary Nationalist, 9.
Google Scholar

Wright, William J. 2017. "Free the Land!": Exploring the Spatial and Political Legacies of the Republic of New Afrika in Detroit and Jackson. Ph.D. dissertation, Chapel HIll: University of North Carolina.
Google Scholar

Young, J.A. 2010. “Detroit’s Red: Black Radical Detroit and the Political Development of Malcolm X”, Souls 2, 14-31.
Google Scholar