Global relations between european metropolitan areas – a proposal of typology
Piotr Raźniak
Abstract
The paper describes globalization processes in European metropolitan areas and especially Polish metropolitan areas. The rank of a metropolitan area depends on the availability of advanced business services and the presence of high-tech industries. The latter are often considered a key indicator of international linkages. It is not possible to assess all factors responsible for a city’s rank in the world or even Europe by itself. The paper attempts to create a comprehensive hierarchy of European cities. The European Union is clearly divided into the old 15 EU states and the more recent member states. However, the social and economic distance between the two groups of European states is constantly decreasing in favor of the new member states.
Keywords:
world city, globalization, international connection, metropolis, metropolian areaReferences
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Allen J., 2008, Powerful city networks: Morę than connections, less than domination and control, „Globalization and World Cities Research Bulletin” 270.
Beaverstock J.V., Smith R.G., Taylor P.J., 1999, A rooster of world cities, „Cities” 6.6, s. 445-458.
Budd L., 1995, Globalization, territory and strategie alliances in different financial centres, „Urban Studies” 32, s. 345-360.
Derudder B., Taylor P.J., Ni P., De Vos A., Hoyler M., Hansens H., Basens D., Huang J., Witlox E, Shen W., Yang X., 2010, Pathways of change: Shifting connectivities in the world city network, 2000-08, “Urban Studies" 47, s. 1861-1877.
ESPON Atlas, Mapping the structure of the European territory, Federal Office for Building and Regional Planning, 2006, s. 92.
European Metropolitan Regions And Areas, 2000, www.eurometrex.org/EN/index.asp (styczeń 2013).
Friedmann J., 1995, Where we stand: A decade of world city research, [w:] World cities in a world-system, red. P.L. Knox, P.J. Taylor, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, s. 21-47.
GAWC Research Data, 2008, www.lboro.ac.uk (styczeń 2013).
Gontarski Z., 1973, W sprawie delimitacji i typologii wielkomiejskich układów osadniczych (obszarów metropolitalnych), [w:] Aglomeracje miejskie w Polsce. Pojęcie i terminologia, red. K. Dziewoński, PWN, Warszawa.
Biuletyn KPZK PAN z. 79, s. 11-28.
Gontarski Z., 1980, Obszary metropolitalne w Polsce: delimitacja i charakterystyka struktury przestrzennej, PWN, Warszawa. Biuletyn KPZK PAN z. 109, s. 11-21.
Hall P., 1966, The world cities, Heinemann, London.
Jałowiecki B., 2000, Społeczna przestrzeń metropolii, Scholar, Warszawa, s. 208.
Knox P., 2002, World cities and organisation of global space, [w:] Geographies of global change, Blackwell, Oxford, s. 328-338.
Knox P„ Taylor P.J., 2005, Toward a geography of the globalization of architecture office networks, „Journal of Architectural Education” 58, s. 23-32.
Kratkę S., 2007, Metropolisation of the European economic territory as a conseąuence of increasing specialisation of urhan agglomerations in the knowledge economy, „European Planning Studies” 15, s. 1-27.
Liszewski S., 2005, Delimitacja Obszaru Metropolitalnego Łodzi, [w:] Obszar Metropolitalny Łodzi - wyzwania i problemy, red. T. Markowski, Warszawa. Biuletyn KPZK PAN z. 215, s. 25-47.
O'Brien R., 1992, Global financial integration: The end of geography, Council on Foreign Relations Press, New York, s. 120.
Pacione M„ 2001, Urban geography - a global perspective, Routledge, London, s. 663.
Raźniak P„ 2012, Procesy społeczno-ekonomiczne w Krakowskim Obszarze Metropolitalnym, „Prace Geograficzne Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego" z. 129, s. 63-81.
Sassen S., 2001, The global city, Princeton University Press, Princeton, s. 449.
Scientific Dialogue on Cities, Rural Areas and RisingEnergy Prices, 2010, First ESPON 2013 Scientific Report, 2001, s. 92.
Short J., Kim Y., Kuus M., Wells H., 1996, The dirty little secret of world cities research: Data problems in comparative analysis, „International Journal of Urban and Regional Research” 20, s. 697-717.
Standards for Delineating Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas, 2010, Office of Management and Budget, Federal Register, 75, 123, Washington, s. 9
Taylor P.J., 2004, Reply to „A Critical comment on the Taylor approach for measuring world city interlock linkages", „Geographical Analysis” 36.3, s. 297-298.
Taylor P.J., 2010, Measuring the world city network: New results and Developments, „Globalization and World Cities Research Bulletin" 300.
Taylor P.J., Aranya P., 2008, A global „urhan roller coaster”? Connectivity changes in the world city network, 2000-04, „Regional Studies” 42, s. 1-16.
Taylor P.J., Catalano G., Walker D.R.E, 2002, Measurement of the world city network, „Urban Studies” 39.1, s. 2367-2376.
Taylor P.J., Walker D.R.F., Catalano G., Hoyler M., 2002, Diversity and power in the world city network, „Cities” 19.4, s. 231-241.
Unia Metropolii Polskich, 2008, www.selfgov.gov.pl (styczeń 2013).
Update of Statistical Area Definitions and Guidance on Their Uses, 2009, OMB Bulletin, no 10-02, Executive Office Of the President, Washington, s. 154.
Vijver van de E., Derudder B., Bassens D., Witlox F., 2012, Filling some black holes: Modeling the connection between urbanization, infrastructure, and global service intensity in 112 metropolitan regions across the world, „Globalization and World Cities Research Bulletin” 396.
Wall R.S., Knaap van der B., 2011, Sectoral differentiation and networkstructure within contemporary worldwide corporate networks, „Economic Geography” 83.3, s. 267-308.
Zborowski A., 2005, Przemiany struktury społeczno-przestrzennej regionu miejskiego w okresie realnego socjalizmu transformacji ustrojowej (na przykładzie Krakowa), IGiGP UJ, Kraków, s. 576.
Raźniak, P. (2020). Global relations between european metropolitan areas – a proposal of typology. Studia Miejskie, 9, 83–94. Retrieved from https://czasopisma.uni.opole.pl/index.php/sm/article/view/2660
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