The terms “samsara” and “nirvana” as linguistic means of describing the picture of the world in the philosophical tradition of the Mahayana
Abstract
The article deals with the fundamental concepts of Buddhism – samsara and nirvana, explains their etymology, and application in the philosophy of Mahayana Buddhism. At the end of the article, the author draws conclusions about the need to differentiate the general and particular applications of these concepts in comparative studies on religion, as well as about the variability and heterogeneity of approaches to the consideration of the Buddhist worldview within the Buddhist traditions.
Keywords:
Buddhism, Mahayana, samsara, nirvana, world viewReferences
Androsov V., 2011, Indo-tibetskiy buddizm. Entsiklopedicheskiy slovar’: monografiya, Moskva.
Google Scholar
Androsov V., 2018, Osnovopolozhnik Makhayany Nagardzhuna i yego trudy, Moskva.
Google Scholar
Vasubandkhu. Entsiklopediya abkhidkharmy (Abkhidkharmakosha), 2001, Moskva.
Google Scholar
Yermakova T., Ostrovskaya Ye., 2004, Klassicheskiĭ buddizm, Sankt-Peterburg.
Google Scholar
Lenkov P., 2011, K fenomenologii Nirvany. – Chetvertyye vostokovednyye chteniya pamyati O. O. Rozenberga. Doklady, stat’i, publikatsii dokumentov, red. T. Yermakova, Sankt-Peterburg, c. 168–174.
Google Scholar
Lysenko V., 2011, Nirvana. – Filosofiya buddizma: entsiklopediya, red. M. T. Stepanyants, Moskva.
Google Scholar
Ngavang T., 2001, Koleso Bytiya, Sankt-Peterburg.
Google Scholar
Pakhomov S., 2008, Nirvana. – Entsiklopediya religii, red. A. Zabiyako, A. Krasnikov, Ye. Elbakyan, Moskva.
Google Scholar
Torchinov Ye., 2002, Buddizm: Karmannyy slovar’, Sankt-Peterburg.
Google Scholar
Tsonkapa D., 2010, Bol’shoye rukovodstvo k•etapam Puti Probuzhdeniya. Lam rim chen mo, t. 1–2, Sankt-Peterburg.
Google Scholar
Ulanov M., 2014, Osnovnyye kategorii buddiyskoy kul’tury v kontekste komparativistiki, „Kaspiyskiy region: politika, ekonomika, kul’tura”, s. 286–293.
Google Scholar
Boyer A., 1901, Etude sur l’origine de la doctrine du samsara, “Journal Asiatique” Vol. 9, Issue 18, pp. 451–453, 459–468.
Google Scholar
Brück M., 1986, Imitation or Identification?, “Indian Theological Studies”, Vol. 23, Issue 2, pp. 95–105.
Google Scholar
Choong, M., 1999, The Notion of Emptiness in Early Buddhism, New Delhi.
Google Scholar
Collins S., 2010, Nirvana: Concept, Imagery, Narrative, New York.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511812118
Google Scholar
Dalai Lama, Chodron T., 2019, Samsara, Nirvana, and Buddha Nature, Somerville.
Google Scholar
David Lorenzen, 2004, The Hindu World, London.
Google Scholar
Deussen P., 2010, The philosophy of the Upanishads, New York.
Google Scholar
Doniger W., 1980, Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions, Oakland.
Google Scholar
Emmanuel S., 2015, A Companion to Buddhist Philosophy, Malden.
Google Scholar
Flood G., Frazier J., 2011, The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies, London.
Google Scholar
Gethin, R., 1998, Foundations of Buddhism, New York.
Google Scholar
Harvey P., 2013, An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History, and Practices, 2nd ed., New York.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139050531
Google Scholar
Hastings J., Selbie J. A., Gray L. H., 1922, Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Edinburgh.
Google Scholar
Jacobs B., 2017, The Original Buddhist Psychology: What the Abhidharma Tells Us About How We Think, Feel, and Experience Life, Berkley.
Google Scholar
Johnes D., 2009, New Light on the Twelve Nidanas, “Contemporary Buddhism” 10 (2), pp. 241–259.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14639940903239793
Google Scholar
Klostermaier K., 1985, Mokṣa and Critical Theory, “Philosophy East and West”, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 61–71.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1398681
Google Scholar
Klostermaier K., 2010, A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition, New York.
Google Scholar
Krishan Y., 1988, Is Karma Evolutionary? “Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research”, Vol. 6, pp. 24–26.
Google Scholar
Laumakis S. J., 2008, An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy, New York.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511800818
Google Scholar
Lok T., 1998, The Seeker’s Glossary of Buddhism, New York.
Google Scholar
Norman E., 1988, Liberation for Life: A Hindu Liberation Philosophy, “Missiology”,
Google Scholar
Vol. 16, № 2, pp. 149–160.
Google Scholar
Nyanatiloka, 1980, Buddhist dictionary: manual of Buddhist terms and doctrines, 4th rev. ed., Kandy.
Google Scholar
Oberhammer G., 1994, La Délivrance dès cette vie: Jivanmukti, Paris.
Google Scholar
Padmasiri S., 2014, An Introduction to Buddhist Psychology and Counselling: Pathways of Mindfulness-Based Therapies, London.
Google Scholar
Rahula W., 2015, Asanga. Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching (Philosophy), Fremont.
Google Scholar
Raju P., 2006, Idealistic Thought of India, Hong Kong.
Google Scholar
Robert E., Buswell Jr., Donald S., Lopez Jr., 2013, The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism, Princeton.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781400848058
Google Scholar
Sponberg A., 1979, Dynamic liberation in Yogacara Buddhism, “The Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies”, pp. 44–64.
Google Scholar
Vallée-Poussin L, 1917, The way to Nirvana: six lectures on ancient Buddhism as a discipline of salvation, New York.
Google Scholar
Williams M.,1923, A Sanskrit-English Dictionary, London.
Google Scholar
Rahula W., 2015, Asanga. Abhidharmasamuccaya: The Compendium of the Higher Teaching (Philosophy), Fremont.
Google Scholar
Raju P., 2006, Idealistic Thought of India, Hong Kong.
Google Scholar
Lopez D., Nirvana. – Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/nirvana-religion
Google Scholar
Williams P., 2008, Mahayana Buddhism: The Doctrinal Foundations, Taylor & Francis e-Library
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203428474
Google Scholar
Statistics
Downloads
License
1. Copyrights to published works are held by the University of Opole (to the collective work) and the Authors (to individual parts of the collective work that have an independent meaning).
2. Only previously undistributed works can be published in the scientific journal "Stylistics".
3. The University of Opole does not restrict the possibility of the author's further dissemination of his work on condition that the scientific journal "Stylistics" is indicated as the original place of publication and the consent of the University Publishing House.
4. Consent to the publication of the work in the scientific journal "Stylistics" is tantamount to granting the author a non-exclusive license to the University of Opole, including the right to use the work without territorial restrictions and time limits in the following fields of exploitation:
a) within the scope of recording and multiplication of the work - production of any number of copies of the work in whole or in part using a specified technique, including printing, reprography, magnetic recording and digital technique, introduction of the work into computer memory and computer networks,
b) within the scope of circulation of the original or copies on which the work has been recorded - circulation, lending or hiring of the original or copies,
c) within the scope of dissemination of the work in a manner other than specified in item 2 - making the work or its abstract available on the Internet by enabling the recipients to access the work on-line or enabling them to download the work to their own device that makes it possible to read it, placing the work in electronic databases that disseminate scientific works, including in particular the CEEOL database (Central and Eastern Online Libray) and the abstract in English in the CEJSH database (The Central Europaen Journal of Social Scienes and Humanites).
d) within the scope of creating and distributing dependent works created using the work - using them in the fields of exploitation specified in points 1-3.
5. The author is not entitled to compensation for granting the license to the work.
6. The author agrees that the University may grant further permission to use the work (sublicense) in the fields of exploitation specified in par. 2 paragraph 4.
7. The author agrees that, in connection with the distribution of the work, his or her personal information, that is, name, affiliation, and e-mail address, may be made public.
