Whom is the city intended for? People or vehicles?
Jerzy J. Parysek
Abstract
It is almost universally acknowledged that one of the chief factors in spatial development and spatial-structural changes, as well as a growing challenge to the functioning of modern cities is motorisation, and more precisely – the car. It is this technological invention which is responsible for the sprawl of urban environment, rising costs of cities functioning, construction of new roads and infrastructural networks and higher and higher outlays on the development of public transport. Among the problems that have been growing in intensity are crowded streets, road accidents, air pollution, noise, rising costs of living in the city and shrinking public spaces. As a result, in recent ideas of urban development and town-planning conceptions there appear measures intended to curb the impact of motorisation on the development and operation of cities. This paper presents the influence of motorisation on the spatial development and functioning of cities as well as those town-planning conceptions which lead to the formation of ‘a-city-for-people’ approach. Regarding the examined situation, the question ‘Whom is the city designed for?’ is one of those that must be answered by both city authorities together with town-planning experts and city dwellers – and this as quickly and in as concrete terms as possible.
Keywords:
city, inhabitants, mobility, cars, spatial development and planningReferences
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Gehl J., 2010, Cities for people, Island Press, Washington DC.
Gehl J., 2011, Life between buildings: Using public space, Island Press, London.
Gehl J., Gemzoe L., 2004, Public space – public life, Danish Architectural Press, Copenhagen.
Goodwin M., Painter J., 1996, Local governance, the crises of fordism and the changing geographies of regulation, “Transactions” 21.
Healey P., 1992, Planning through debate. The communicative turn to planning theory, “Town Planning Review” 63(2).
Healey P., 1997, Collaborative planning: Shaping places in fragmented societies, Macmillan, London.
Howe J., Langdon C., 2002, Towards a reflexive planning theory, “Planning Theory” 1/3.
Jacobs J., 1992, The death and life of great American cities, Vintage Books, New York.
Jałowiecki B., 1972, Miasto i społeczne problemy urbanizacji, Śląski Instytut Naukowy, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Katowice–Kraków.
Jałowiecki B., Szczepański M.S., 2002, Miasto i przestrzeń w perspektywie socjologicznej, Scholar, Warszawa.
Jessop B., 1997, The governance of complexity and complexity of governance: Preliminary remarks on some problems and limits of economic guidance, [w:] Beyond market and hierarchy: Interactive governance and social complexity, eds. A. Amin, J. Hausner, Edward Elgar Publ., Cheltenham.
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Mierzejewska L., 2011, Planowanie rozwoju polskich miast w świetle zapisów Nowej Karty Ateńskiej i Karty Lipskiej, [w:] Koncepcje i problemy badawcze geografii, red. K. Marciniak, K. Sikora, D. Sokołowski, Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki, Bydgoszcz.
Bourne L., 2001, The urban sprawl debate. Myths, realities and hidden agenda, “Plan Canada” 41(4).
Braun G., 2006, Smart growth. The end of a good idea, [w:] Cities in global perspective: Diversity and transition, eds. Y. Murayama, G. Du, Rikkyo University, Tokyo.
Braun G., Scott J., 2004, News from the urban front: dressing social innovation in urban and regional management, [w:] Cities in transition, eds. M. Pak, D. Rebernik, Department of Geography. Faculty of Arts, Ljublana. University of Ljublana Dela 21.
Campbell H., Marshall R., 2002, Utilitarianism’s bad breath? A re-evaluation of the public interest justification for planning, “Planning Theory” 1/2.
Car troubles. Critical studies of Automobility and Auto-Mobility, 2009, eds. J. Conley, A.T. McLaren, Ashgate, Burlington.
Dale G.C., 2003, Smart growth, “Planning Commissioners Journal” 50.
Dennis K., Urry J., 2009, Post-car mobilities, [w:] Car troubles. Critical studies of automobility and auto-mobility, eds. J. Conley, A.T. Mc Laren, Ashgate, Burlington.
Downs A., 2001, What does smart growth really mean?, “Planning” 64(4).
Duany A., Plater-Zyberk E., Alminana R., 2003, The new civic art: Elements of town planning, Rizzoli Publ., New York.
Duany A., Plater-Zyberk E., Speck J., 2001, Suburban nation: The rise and the decline of the American dream, North Point Press, New York.
Eckard F., 2007, Urban governance in the Nederlands: From pillarised politics to metropolitan regionalizm, “Quaestiones Geographicae” 26B.
Filion P., 2000, Balancing concentration and dispersion? Public policy and urban structure in Toronto, “Environment and Planning” C, 18.
Filion P., 2003, Towards smart growth. The difficult implementation of alternatives to urban dispersion, “Canadian Journal of Urban Research” 12(1).
Gehl J., 2010, Cities for people, Island Press, Washington DC.
Gehl J., 2011, Life between buildings: Using public space, Island Press, London.
Gehl J., Gemzoe L., 2004, Public space – public life, Danish Architectural Press, Copenhagen.
Goodwin M., Painter J., 1996, Local governance, the crises of fordism and the changing geographies of regulation, “Transactions” 21.
Healey P., 1992, Planning through debate. The communicative turn to planning theory, “Town Planning Review” 63(2).
Healey P., 1997, Collaborative planning: Shaping places in fragmented societies, Macmillan, London.
Howe J., Langdon C., 2002, Towards a reflexive planning theory, “Planning Theory” 1/3.
Jacobs J., 1992, The death and life of great American cities, Vintage Books, New York.
Jałowiecki B., 1972, Miasto i społeczne problemy urbanizacji, Śląski Instytut Naukowy, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Katowice–Kraków.
Jałowiecki B., Szczepański M.S., 2002, Miasto i przestrzeń w perspektywie socjologicznej, Scholar, Warszawa.
Jessop B., 1997, The governance of complexity and complexity of governance: Preliminary remarks on some problems and limits of economic guidance, [w:] Beyond market and hierarchy: Interactive governance and social complexity, eds. A. Amin, J. Hausner, Edward Elgar Publ., Cheltenham.
Kronenberg J., Bergier T., 2010, Wyzwania zrównoważonego rozwoju w Polsce, Fundacja Sendzimira, Kraków.
Low N., 2007, The green city: sustainable homes, sustainable suburbs, [w:] Urban sustainability through environmental design, eds. K. Thrivatis, S. Porta, R. Romice, R. Graves, Routledge, London.
Lynch K., 1960, The image of city, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Mierzejewska L., 2009a, Rozwój zrównoważony miasta. Zagadnienia poznawcze i praktyczne, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. A. Mickiewicza, Poznań.
Mierzejewska L., 2009b, Urban planning in Poland in the context of European standards, “Quaestiones Geographicae” 28B/1.
Mierzejewska L., 2011, Planowanie rozwoju polskich miast w świetle zapisów Nowej Karty Ateńskiej i Karty Lipskiej, [w:] Koncepcje i problemy badawcze geografii, red. K. Marciniak, K. Sikora, D. Sokołowski, Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki, Bydgoszcz.
Amin A., Hausner J., 1997, Interactive governance and social complexity, [w:] Beyond market and hierarchy: Interactive governance and social complexity, eds. A. Amin, J. Hausner, Edward Elgar Publ., Cheltenham.
Barnett J., 1982, An introduction to urban design, Harper & Row, New York.
Berg L. van den, Drewett R., Klaassen L., Rossi A., Vijverberg C.H.T., 1982, Urban Europe. Vol. 1: A study of growth and decline, Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Bourne L., 2001, The urban sprawl debate. Myths, realities and hidden agenda, “Plan Canada” 41(4).
Braun G., 2006, Smart growth. The end of a good idea, [w:] Cities in global perspective: Diversity and transition, eds. Y. Murayama, G. Du, Rikkyo University, Tokyo.
Braun G., Scott J., 2004, News from the urban front: dressing social innovation in urban and regional management, [w:] Cities in transition, eds. M. Pak, D. Rebernik, Department of Geography. Faculty of Arts, Ljublana. University of Ljublana Dela 21.
Campbell H., Marshall R., 2002, Utilitarianism’s bad breath? A re-evaluation of the public interest justification for planning, “Planning Theory” 1/2.
Car troubles. Critical studies of Automobility and Auto-Mobility, 2009, eds. J. Conley, A.T. McLaren, Ashgate, Burlington.
Dale G.C., 2003, Smart growth, “Planning Commissioners Journal” 50.
Dennis K., Urry J., 2009, Post-car mobilities, [w:] Car troubles. Critical studies of automobility and auto-mobility, eds. J. Conley, A.T. Mc Laren, Ashgate, Burlington.
Downs A., 2001, What does smart growth really mean?, “Planning” 64(4).
Duany A., Plater-Zyberk E., Alminana R., 2003, The new civic art: Elements of town planning, Rizzoli Publ., New York.
Duany A., Plater-Zyberk E., Speck J., 2001, Suburban nation: The rise and the decline of the American dream, North Point Press, New York.
Eckard F., 2007, Urban governance in the Nederlands: From pillarised politics to metropolitan regionalizm, “Quaestiones Geographicae” 26B.
Filion P., 2000, Balancing concentration and dispersion? Public policy and urban structure in Toronto, “Environment and Planning” C, 18.
Filion P., 2003, Towards smart growth. The difficult implementation of alternatives to urban dispersion, “Canadian Journal of Urban Research” 12(1).
Gehl J., 2010, Cities for people, Island Press, Washington DC.
Gehl J., 2011, Life between buildings: Using public space, Island Press, London.
Gehl J., Gemzoe L., 2004, Public space – public life, Danish Architectural Press, Copenhagen.
Goodwin M., Painter J., 1996, Local governance, the crises of fordism and the changing geographies of regulation, “Transactions” 21.
Healey P., 1992, Planning through debate. The communicative turn to planning theory, “Town Planning Review” 63(2).
Healey P., 1997, Collaborative planning: Shaping places in fragmented societies, Macmillan, London.
Howe J., Langdon C., 2002, Towards a reflexive planning theory, “Planning Theory” 1/3.
Jacobs J., 1992, The death and life of great American cities, Vintage Books, New York.
Jałowiecki B., 1972, Miasto i społeczne problemy urbanizacji, Śląski Instytut Naukowy, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Katowice–Kraków.
Jałowiecki B., Szczepański M.S., 2002, Miasto i przestrzeń w perspektywie socjologicznej, Scholar, Warszawa.
Jessop B., 1997, The governance of complexity and complexity of governance: Preliminary remarks on some problems and limits of economic guidance, [w:] Beyond market and hierarchy: Interactive governance and social complexity, eds. A. Amin, J. Hausner, Edward Elgar Publ., Cheltenham.
Kronenberg J., Bergier T., 2010, Wyzwania zrównoważonego rozwoju w Polsce, Fundacja Sendzimira, Kraków.
Low N., 2007, The green city: sustainable homes, sustainable suburbs, [w:] Urban sustainability through environmental design, eds. K. Thrivatis, S. Porta, R. Romice, R. Graves, Routledge, London.
Lynch K., 1960, The image of city, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Mierzejewska L., 2009a, Rozwój zrównoważony miasta. Zagadnienia poznawcze i praktyczne, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. A. Mickiewicza, Poznań.
Mierzejewska L., 2009b, Urban planning in Poland in the context of European standards, “Quaestiones Geographicae” 28B/1.
Mierzejewska L., 2011, Planowanie rozwoju polskich miast w świetle zapisów Nowej Karty Ateńskiej i Karty Lipskiej, [w:] Koncepcje i problemy badawcze geografii, red. K. Marciniak, K. Sikora, D. Sokołowski, Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki, Bydgoszcz.
Bourne L., 2001, The urban sprawl debate. Myths, realities and hidden agenda, “Plan Canada” 41(4).
Braun G., 2006, Smart growth. The end of a good idea, [w:] Cities in global perspective: Diversity and transition, eds. Y. Murayama, G. Du, Rikkyo University, Tokyo.
Braun G., Scott J., 2004, News from the urban front: dressing social innovation in urban and regional management, [w:] Cities in transition, eds. M. Pak, D. Rebernik, Department of Geography. Faculty of Arts, Ljublana. University of Ljublana Dela 21.
Campbell H., Marshall R., 2002, Utilitarianism’s bad breath? A re-evaluation of the public interest justification for planning, “Planning Theory” 1/2.
Car troubles. Critical studies of Automobility and Auto-Mobility, 2009, eds. J. Conley, A.T. McLaren, Ashgate, Burlington.
Dale G.C., 2003, Smart growth, “Planning Commissioners Journal” 50.
Dennis K., Urry J., 2009, Post-car mobilities, [w:] Car troubles. Critical studies of automobility and auto-mobility, eds. J. Conley, A.T. Mc Laren, Ashgate, Burlington.
Downs A., 2001, What does smart growth really mean?, “Planning” 64(4).
Duany A., Plater-Zyberk E., Alminana R., 2003, The new civic art: Elements of town planning, Rizzoli Publ., New York.
Duany A., Plater-Zyberk E., Speck J., 2001, Suburban nation: The rise and the decline of the American dream, North Point Press, New York.
Eckard F., 2007, Urban governance in the Nederlands: From pillarised politics to metropolitan regionalizm, “Quaestiones Geographicae” 26B.
Filion P., 2000, Balancing concentration and dispersion? Public policy and urban structure in Toronto, “Environment and Planning” C, 18.
Filion P., 2003, Towards smart growth. The difficult implementation of alternatives to urban dispersion, “Canadian Journal of Urban Research” 12(1).
Gehl J., 2010, Cities for people, Island Press, Washington DC.
Gehl J., 2011, Life between buildings: Using public space, Island Press, London.
Gehl J., Gemzoe L., 2004, Public space – public life, Danish Architectural Press, Copenhagen.
Goodwin M., Painter J., 1996, Local governance, the crises of fordism and the changing geographies of regulation, “Transactions” 21.
Healey P., 1992, Planning through debate. The communicative turn to planning theory, “Town Planning Review” 63(2).
Healey P., 1997, Collaborative planning: Shaping places in fragmented societies, Macmillan, London.
Howe J., Langdon C., 2002, Towards a reflexive planning theory, “Planning Theory” 1/3.
Jacobs J., 1992, The death and life of great American cities, Vintage Books, New York.
Jałowiecki B., 1972, Miasto i społeczne problemy urbanizacji, Śląski Instytut Naukowy, Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Katowice–Kraków.
Jałowiecki B., Szczepański M.S., 2002, Miasto i przestrzeń w perspektywie socjologicznej, Scholar, Warszawa.
Jessop B., 1997, The governance of complexity and complexity of governance: Preliminary remarks on some problems and limits of economic guidance, [w:] Beyond market and hierarchy: Interactive governance and social complexity, eds. A. Amin, J. Hausner, Edward Elgar Publ., Cheltenham.
Kronenberg J., Bergier T., 2010, Wyzwania zrównoważonego rozwoju w Polsce, Fundacja Sendzimira, Kraków.
Low N., 2007, The green city: sustainable homes, sustainable suburbs, [w:] Urban sustainability through environmental design, eds. K. Thrivatis, S. Porta, R. Romice, R. Graves, Routledge, London.
Lynch K., 1960, The image of city, MIT Press, Cambridge.
Mierzejewska L., 2009a, Rozwój zrównoważony miasta. Zagadnienia poznawcze i praktyczne, Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu im. A. Mickiewicza, Poznań.
Mierzejewska L., 2009b, Urban planning in Poland in the context of European standards, “Quaestiones Geographicae” 28B/1.
Mierzejewska L., 2011, Planowanie rozwoju polskich miast w świetle zapisów Nowej Karty Ateńskiej i Karty Lipskiej, [w:] Koncepcje i problemy badawcze geografii, red. K. Marciniak, K. Sikora, D. Sokołowski, Wyższa Szkoła Gospodarki, Bydgoszcz.
Parysek, J. J. (2020). Whom is the city intended for? People or vehicles?. Studia Miejskie, 23, 9–27. Retrieved from https://czasopisma.uni.opole.pl/index.php/sm/article/view/2546
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