Odpowiedzialność przewoźników w Unii Europejskiej w perspektywie kryzysu migracyjnego i uchodźczego
Maciej Cesarz
Uniwersytet Wrocławski, Wydział Nauk Społecznychhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9995-719X
Abstrakt
Niniejszy artykuł zawiera analizę polityki sankcji nakładanych na przewoźników w perspektywie kryzysu migracyjnego i uchodźczego w UE. Omówiono w nim ewolucję i motywy ustanowienia odpowiedzialności przewoźników w celu ukazania procesu prywatyzacji i relokacji kontroli imigracyjnej na poziomie UE i jej państw członkowskich. Artykuł opiera się na obszernym przeglądzie dokumentów i literatury związanej z polityką sankcji przewoźników i kryzysem migracyjnym. W większości przypadków stosuje się podejście interdyscyplinarne oparte na badaniach europejskich. Kryzys migracyjny i uchodźczy jest rozpatrywany jako jeden z najbardziej istotnych czynników kształtujących politykę sankcji nakładanych na przewoźników w UE. Przedstawiono aktualny kontekst prawny i polityczny, w tym wiążące przepisy prawa międzynarodowego i unijnego regulującego obowiązki przewoźników. Analizie poddano też związek między odpowiedzialnością przewoźników a polityką wizową, a także najważniejsze argumenty przemiawiające za albo przeciw utrzymaniu wymienionych środków. W artykule postawiono tezę, że odpowiedzialność przewoźników stanowi istotne narzędzie wspierające krajową i unijną politykę wizową. Ukierunkowane głównie na ograniczenie przepływów migracyjnych i zwalczanie nielegalnej imigracji przepisy dotyczące odpowiedzialności przewoźników mogą jednakże uniemożliwić dostęp do uczciwej i skutecznej procedury azylowej.
Słowa kluczowe:
sankcje nakładane na przewoźników, kryzys migracyjny, zarządzanie granicami zewnętrznymi w UEBibliografia
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Moreno-Lax, V. (2017). Accessing Asylum in Europe. Extraterritorial Border Controls and Refugee Rights under EU Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morgades-Gil, S. (2017). Forced Migration Management and the Right to Access to an Asylum Procedure in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: Human Rights Between Responsibility and Solidarity. Fredom, Security & Justice: European Legal Studies, no.1, 125-144.
Nicholson, E.T. (2011). Cutting Off the Flow : Extraterritorial Controls to Prevent Migration. Accessed 1 June 2018, http://lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/cutting%20off%20the%20flow.pdf
Reinish, A., Fink, M.(2013). Non-Refoulement and Extraterritorial Immigration Control – The Case of Immigration Liaison Officers. Seminar in International Law: EU – External and Internal Security. Accessed 1 June 2018. https://eur-int-comp-law.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/i_deicl/VR/VR_Personal/Reinisch/Internetpublikationen/Baxewanosl.pdf
Rodenhäuser, T. (2014). Another brick in the wall: Carrier sanctions and the privatization of immigration control, International Journal of Refugee Law, 2014, no.26, 223-247.
Sasnal, P. (2015). Niekontrolowane Migracje do Unii Europejskiej. Accessed 1 June 2018. https://www.pism.pl/files/?id_plik=20992.
Scholten, S., (2015).The Privatisation of Immigration Control through Carrier Sanctions. The Role of Private Transport Companies in Dutch and British Immigration Control. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff.
Scholten, S., Minderhoud, P. (2008). Regulating Immigration Control: Carrier Sanctions in the Netherlands. European Journal of Migration and Law, vol.10, no.2, 123-147.
Skolimowska, A. Grzybowska-Walecka, K. (eds.). (2016). Dlaczego-europeistyka? Europa w czasie kryzysu. Warszawa: Instytut Politologii Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie.
Torpey, J. C.(2000). The invention of the passport: surveillance, citizenship, and the state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
UNHCR, (2017). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016. Accessed 1 June 2018. http://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.
Fragile States Index (2017). Accessed 1 June 2018. http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/.
Consilium, (2016). Council adopts EU Passenger Name Record (PNR) directive. Accessed 1 June 2018. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/04/21-council-adopts-eu-pnr-directive/.
Zampagni, F., (2013). Who moves? Schengen Visa Policy and Implementation in Consulates. A fieldwork study from the Embassy of Italy in Senegal, (doctoral dissertation). Accessed 1 June 2018. https://etd.adm.unipi.it/t/etd-05022013-171816/.
Bloom, T., Risse, V. (2014). Examining hidden coercion at state borders: Why carrier sanctions cannot be justified. Ethnic and Global Politics, vol.7, no 2, 65-82.
Books. Jones, R. (2012b). Why Build a Border Wall?, Nacla Report on the Americas. vol. 45, no. 3.
Collinson, S. (1996). Visa requirements, carrier sanctions, “safe third countries” and “readmission” : the development of an asylum “buffer zone” in Europe. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 21(1), 76-90.
Council of the EU (2001). Directive 2001/51/EC of the Council, supplementing the provisions of Article 26 of the Convention implementing the Schengen Agreement of 14 June 1985, of 28 June 2001, in OJ L 187, 10 July 2001.
Council of the EU (2004). Directive 2004/82/EC of the Council, on the obligation of carriers to communicate passenger data, of 29 April 2004, in OJ L 261, of 6 August 2004. In OJ L 261/24.
Cruz, A. (1994). Carriers liability in the Member States of the European Union. Churches’ Commission for Migrants in Europe [CCME], vol.17.
ECRE (2007). Defending Refugees’ Access to Protection in Europe. Accessed 1 June 2018. https://www.ecre.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/ECRE-Defending-Refugees-Access-to-Protection-in-Europe_December-2007.pdf.
European Commission, (2015). Addressing the Refugee Crisis in Europe: The Role of EU External Action, Brussels, 9.9.2015, JOIN (2015) 40 final. Accessed 1 June 2018. https://ec.europa.eu/home-affairs/sites/homeaffairs/files/what-we-do/policies/european-agenda-migration/proposal-implementation-package/docs/communication_on_addressing_the_external_dimension_of_the_refugee_crisis_en.pdf.
European Parliament, Council of the EU (2016). Directive (EU) 2016/681 of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the use of passenger name record (PNR) data for the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of terrorist offences and serious crime, of 27 April 2016, in OJ L 119/132.
Europol, (2015). Migrant smuggling in the EU. Accessed 1 June 2018. https://www.europol.europa.eu/publications-documents/migrant-smuggling-in-eu.
EY, (2016). Managing the EU migration crisis - From panic to planning.
Feller, E. (1989). Carrier Sanctions and International Law. International Journal of Refugee Law, 1(1), 48-66.
Frontex, (2018). Risk Analysis for 2018. Accessed 1 November 2018. www.frontex.europa.eu
Gammeltoft-Hansen, T. (2016). The Practice of Shared Responsibility in relation to Private Actor Involvement in Migration Management. SHARES Research Paper, no 83.
Guild, E., Costello C., Garlick M., Moreno V. (2015). The 2015 Refugee Crisis in the European Union, CEPS, no 332, September 2015, 1-6.
Lehne, S. (2016). How the Refugee Crisis Will Reshape the EU. Accessed 1 November 2018, https://carnegieeurope.eu/2016/02/04/how-refugee-crisis-will-reshape-eu-pub-62650.
Meloni, A. (2013). EU Visa and Border Control Policies: What Roles for Security and Reciprocity? In: D.Bigo, E.Guild, S.Carrera,(eds.) Foreigners, Refugees or Minorities? Rethinking People in the Context of Border Controls and Visas. London: Ashgate Publishing Company.
Moreno-Lax, V. (2017). Accessing Asylum in Europe. Extraterritorial Border Controls and Refugee Rights under EU Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Morgades-Gil, S. (2017). Forced Migration Management and the Right to Access to an Asylum Procedure in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice: Human Rights Between Responsibility and Solidarity. Fredom, Security & Justice: European Legal Studies, no.1, 125-144.
Nicholson, E.T. (2011). Cutting Off the Flow : Extraterritorial Controls to Prevent Migration. Accessed 1 June 2018, http://lastradainternational.org/lsidocs/cutting%20off%20the%20flow.pdf
Reinish, A., Fink, M.(2013). Non-Refoulement and Extraterritorial Immigration Control – The Case of Immigration Liaison Officers. Seminar in International Law: EU – External and Internal Security. Accessed 1 June 2018. https://eur-int-comp-law.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/i_deicl/VR/VR_Personal/Reinisch/Internetpublikationen/Baxewanosl.pdf
Rodenhäuser, T. (2014). Another brick in the wall: Carrier sanctions and the privatization of immigration control, International Journal of Refugee Law, 2014, no.26, 223-247.
Sasnal, P. (2015). Niekontrolowane Migracje do Unii Europejskiej. Accessed 1 June 2018. https://www.pism.pl/files/?id_plik=20992.
Scholten, S., (2015).The Privatisation of Immigration Control through Carrier Sanctions. The Role of Private Transport Companies in Dutch and British Immigration Control. Leiden: Brill Nijhoff.
Scholten, S., Minderhoud, P. (2008). Regulating Immigration Control: Carrier Sanctions in the Netherlands. European Journal of Migration and Law, vol.10, no.2, 123-147.
Skolimowska, A. Grzybowska-Walecka, K. (eds.). (2016). Dlaczego-europeistyka? Europa w czasie kryzysu. Warszawa: Instytut Politologii Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego w Warszawie.
Torpey, J. C.(2000). The invention of the passport: surveillance, citizenship, and the state. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
UNHCR, (2017). Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2016. Accessed 1 June 2018. http://www.unhcr.org/5943e8a34.
Fragile States Index (2017). Accessed 1 June 2018. http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/.
Consilium, (2016). Council adopts EU Passenger Name Record (PNR) directive. Accessed 1 June 2018. http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2016/04/21-council-adopts-eu-pnr-directive/.
Zampagni, F., (2013). Who moves? Schengen Visa Policy and Implementation in Consulates. A fieldwork study from the Embassy of Italy in Senegal, (doctoral dissertation). Accessed 1 June 2018. https://etd.adm.unipi.it/t/etd-05022013-171816/.
Cesarz, M. (2019). Odpowiedzialność przewoźników w Unii Europejskiej w perspektywie kryzysu migracyjnego i uchodźczego. Border and Regional Studies, 7(1), 7–24. https://doi.org/10.25167/ppbs678
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Prawa autorskie (c) 2019 Pogranicze. Polish Borderlands Studies
Utwór dostępny jest na licencji Creative Commons Uznanie autorstwa – Użycie niekomercyjne – Na tych samych warunkach 4.0 Międzynarodowe.
